A preformed chip manufacturing apparatus includes a magnetic fixing suspension device including a pair of magnets which are a first magnet and a second magnet between which a magnetic field is formed for enabling a soft magnetic powder to be suspended therein, and a pair of punches configured to pressure mold the soft magnetic powder suspended in the magnetic field.

A preformed chip manufacturing apparatus includes a magnetic fixing suspension device including a pair of magnets which are a first magnet and a second magnet between which a magnetic field is formed for enabling a soft magnetic powder to be suspended therein, and a pair of punches configured to pressure mold the soft magnetic powder suspended in the magnetic field.

A polymer-assisted 3D printing method and ink compositions are used to manufacture magnetocaloric devices having many applications including in heat pumps, refrigerators, etc. The ink compositions and printing methods can produce compositionally graded, anisotropically aligned magnetocaloric architectures with designed pores and channels, to bring forth significant improvement in heat exchange efficiency.

A polymer-assisted 3D printing method and ink compositions are used to manufacture magnetocaloric devices having many applications including in heat pumps, refrigerators, etc. The ink compositions and printing methods can produce compositionally graded, anisotropically aligned magnetocaloric architectures with designed pores and channels, to bring forth significant improvement in heat exchange efficiency.

The present disclosure provides three-dimensional (3D) objects, 3D printing processes, as well as methods, apparatuses and systems for the production of a 3D object. Methods, apparatuses and systems of the present disclosure may reduce or eliminate the need for auxiliary supports. The present disclosure provides three dimensional (3D) objects printed utilizing the printing processes, methods, apparatuses and systems described herein.

The present disclosure provides three-dimensional (3D) objects, 3D printing processes, as well as methods, apparatuses and systems for the production of a 3D object. Methods, apparatuses and systems of the present disclosure may reduce or eliminate the need for auxiliary supports. The present disclosure provides three dimensional (3D) objects printed utilizing the printing processes, methods, apparatuses and systems described herein.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet, in which R is a rare earth element, T is Fe or a combination of Fe and Co, and B is boron, includes main phase grains made of an R.sub.2T.sub.14B crystal phase and grain boundaries formed between the main phase grains. The grain boundaries include an R—O—C—N concentrated part having higher concentrations of R, O, C, and N than that of the main phase grains. The R—O—C—N concentrated part includes a heavy rare earth element. The R—O—C—N concentrated part has a core part and a shell part covering at least part of the core part. A concentration of the heavy rare earth element in the shell part is higher than a concentration of the heavy element in the core part. A covering ratio of the shell part with respect to the core part of the R—O—C—N concentrated part is 45% or more in average.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet, in which R is a rare earth element, T is Fe or a combination of Fe and Co, and B is boron, includes main phase grains made of an R.sub.2T.sub.14B crystal phase and grain boundaries formed between the main phase grains. The grain boundaries include an R—O—C—N concentrated part having higher concentrations of R, O, C, and N than that of the main phase grains. The R—O—C—N concentrated part includes a heavy rare earth element. The R—O—C—N concentrated part has a core part and a shell part covering at least part of the core part. A concentration of the heavy rare earth element in the shell part is higher than a concentration of the heavy element in the core part. A covering ratio of the shell part with respect to the core part of the R—O—C—N concentrated part is 45% or more in average.

Herein disclosed is a method of making a fuel cell including forming an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte using an additive manufacturing machine. The electrolyte is between the anode and the cathode. Preferably, electrical current flow is perpendicular to the electrolyte in the lateral direction when the fuel cell is in use. Preferably, the method comprises making an interconnect, a barrier layer, and a catalyst layer using the additive manufacturing machine.

The disclosure relates to the technical field of sintered type NdFeB permanent magnets, in particular to a low-cost rare earth magnet and manufacturing method. There is provided a method of preparing a high-coercivity, sintered NdFeB magnet including cerium comprising the following steps:

(S1) Providing alloy flakes composed of R.sub.xT.sub.(1-x-y-z)B.sub.yM.sub.z;

(S2) Mixing the alloy flakes, a low melting point powder, and a lubricant, then subjecting the mixture to a hydrogen embrittlement process followed in this order by pulverizing the process product to an alloy powder by jet milling, magnetic field orientation molding of the alloy powder to obtain a blank, sintering and aging treatment the blank;

(S3) Coating a film composed of a diffusion source of formula R1.sub.xR2.sub.yH.sub.zM.sub.1-x-y-z on the sintered NdFeB magnet; and

(S4) Performing a diffusion heat treatment, followed by aging the sintered NdFeB magnet to obtain the low-cost rare earth magnet.