A method of making a physical unclonable function (PUF) having magnetic and non-magnetic particles is disclosed. Measuring both magnetic field and image view makes the PUF difficult to counterfeit. PUF may be incorporated into a user-replaceable supply item for an imaging device. A PUF reader may be incorporated into an imaging device to read the PUF. Other methods are disclosed.

A method for producing a rare earth aluminate sintered body includes: preparing a molded body by mixing a fluorescent material having a composition of a rare earth aluminate and a raw material mixture comprising an oxide containing at least one rare earth element Ln selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Lu, Gd, and Tb, an oxide containing Ce, an oxide containing Al, and optionally an oxide containing at least one element M selected from the group consisting of Ga and Sc; and calcining the molded body to obtain a sintered body.

A method of producing a magnetic material of compound having magnetocaloric effect is disclosed. The method may include producing a product by reacting a raw material that is to constitute the magnetic material in melt including an alkali metal; and removing the alkali metal after the product is cooled.

A magnetic member for a magnetic refrigerator may include a tubular outer layer and a wall body having magnetocaloric effect. The wall body may extend along an axial direction of the outer layer inside the outer layer and partition an inner space of the outer layer into a plurality of spaces. The wall body may be unitary and define a plurality of passages that extend in the axial direction inside the outer layer.

The present specification relates to a metal nanoparticle.

An application step of applying an adhesive agent to an application area of a surface of a sintered R-T-B based magnet work, an adhesion step of allowing a particle size-adjusted powder that is composed of a powder of an alloy or a compound of a PrGa alloy which is at least one of Dy and Tb to the application area of the surface of the sintered R-T-B based magnet work, and a diffusing step of heating it at a temperature which is equal to or lower than a sintering temperature of the sintered R-T-B based magnet work to allow the PrGa alloy contained in the particle size-adjusted powder to diffuse from the surface into the interior of the sintered R-T-B based magnet work are included. The particle size of the particle size-adjusted powder is set so that, when powder particles composing the particle size-adjusted powder are placed on the entire surface of the sintered R-T-B based magnet work to form a particle layer which is not less than one layer and not more than three layers, the amount of Ga contained in the particle size-adjusted powder is in a range from 0.10 to 1.0% with respect to the sintered R-T-B based magnet work by mass ratio.

Methods for manufacturing components that include casting a first melt to produce an ingot, remelting the ingot to form a second melt, forming a powder from the second melt using an atomization process, and fabricating a component utilizing the powder in an additive manufacturing process. The ingot and the powder include an aluminum matrix that contains dispersions of TiB.sub.2 particles and Al.sub.3Ti particles and the component is a metal matrix composite having an aluminum matrix that contains dispersions of TiB.sub.2 particles and Al.sub.3Ti particles. Optionally, the metal matrix composite may include particles of an intermetallic compound of aluminum and at least one alloying element.

A sintered R-T-B based magnet according to the present disclosure is a sintered R-T-B based magnet containing a main phase crystal grain and a grain boundary phase, the sintered R-T-B based magnet containing: R: not less than 27.5 mass % and not more than 35.0 mass % (R is at least one rare-earth element which always includes Nd and Pr); B: not less than 0.80 mass % and not more than 1.05 mass %; Ga: not less than 0.05 mass % and not more than 1.0 mass %; M: not less than 0 mass % and not more than 2 mass % (where M is at least one of Cu, Al, Nb and Zr); and a balance T (where T is Fe, or Fe and Co) and impurities. A Pr/Nd which is a ratio of a concentration of Pr to a concentration of Nd in a central portion of a main phase crystal grain that is located at a depth of 300 m from the magnet surface is lower than 1; and a Pr/Nd which is a ratio of a concentration of Pr to a concentration of Nd in an intergranular grain boundary that is located at a depth of 300 m from the magnet surface is higher than 1. A portion where the Ga concentration gradually decreases from the magnet surface toward the magnet interior exists.

The present specification relates to a metal nanoparticle. Specifically, the present specification relates to a metal nanoparticle having a cavity.

A bond magnet molding is provided that contains coated magnetic particles having at least two layers of an oxide layer of 1-20 nm on a surface of magnetic particles and an organic layer of 1-100 nm on an outer side of the oxide layer. The bond magnet molding preferably includes a Zn alloy as a binder. The Zn alloy has a strain rate sensitivity exponent (m value) of not less than 0.3 and an elongation at break of not less than 50%. The magnet particles have a nitrogen compound containing Sm and Fe that are solidified using the binder at a temperature not higher than a molding temperature.