The present invention relates to a method for the production of drill holes in difficult to machine materials, in which a removal of material takes place in order to produce a drill hole by electrochemical erosion of material by an electrode that is moved in the longitudinal direction of the drill hole being produced in the direction onto the material to be processed at a feed rate, wherein the drilling has at least two steps, wherein, in the first step, the electrochemical processing takes place, and wherein, in a second step, the further processing of the drill hole to the final diameter takes place by machining processing or by erosion or by an electrochemical processing.

A method of initializing a multiferroic element for obtaining a stable element operation includes applying at least one selected from a group consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field to the multiferroic element under a temperature condition equal to or higher than a phase transition temperature. The multiferroic element has a laminated structural body including a first alloy layer and a second alloy layer. The first alloy layer is formed by using any of antimony-tellurium, bismuth-tellurium and bismuth-selenium as a principal component. The second alloy layer is laminated on the first alloy layer, and formed by using a compound represented by the following general formula (1) as a principal component. The second alloy layer is configured to undergo phase transition between a reset phase and a set phase. Electric polarization is not caused in the reset phase, but caused in the set phase. The second alloy layer undergoes the phase transition from the reset phase to the set phase at the phase transition temperature. [Chemical Formula 1]
M.sub.1-xTe.sub.x (1)
Here, in the above-mentioned general formula (1), M represents an atom of any of germanium, aluminum and silicon, and x represents a numerical value of 0.5 or more and lower than 1.

A method of initializing a multiferroic element for obtaining a stable element operation includes applying at least one selected from a group consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field to the multiferroic element under a temperature condition equal to or higher than a phase transition temperature. The multiferroic element has a laminated structural body including a first alloy layer and a second alloy layer. The first alloy layer is formed by using any of antimony-tellurium, bismuth-tellurium and bismuth-selenium as a principal component. The second alloy layer is laminated on the first alloy layer, and formed by using a compound represented by the following general formula (1) as a principal component. The second alloy layer is configured to undergo phase transition between a reset phase and a set phase. Electric polarization is not caused in the reset phase, but caused in the set phase. The second alloy layer undergoes the phase transition from the reset phase to the set phase at the phase transition temperature. [Chemical Formula 1]
M.sub.1-xTe.sub.x (1)
Here, in the above-mentioned general formula (1), M represents an atom of any of germanium, aluminum and silicon, and x represents a numerical value of 0.5 or more and lower than 1.

This paper describes an invention involving an electrochemical discharge-enabled micro-grinding process for micro-components of silicon-based materials. The specific machining method is described below. A micro-grinding tool and an auxiliary electrode are respectively connected to the negative and positive electrodes of a pulsed DC power supply. When the current flows through the loop, an electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) occurs at the micro-grinding tool in the grinding fluid, which generate multiple hydrogen bubbles. The bubbles coalesce into an insulating gas film and separate the micro-grinding tool from the grinding fluid; when the critical voltage is reached, the gas film is broken down and an electrochemical discharge occurs accompanied by discharge spark; under the action of the discharge spark, the surface material of the workpiece in the discharge-affected region is directly ablated to generate a heat-affected layer (HAL), namely, physical modification.

This paper describes an invention involving an electrochemical discharge-enabled micro-grinding process for micro-components of silicon-based materials. The specific machining method is described below. A micro-grinding tool and an auxiliary electrode are respectively connected to the negative and positive electrodes of a pulsed DC power supply. When the current flows through the loop, an electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) occurs at the micro-grinding tool in the grinding fluid, which generate multiple hydrogen bubbles. The bubbles coalesce into an insulating gas film and separate the micro-grinding tool from the grinding fluid; when the critical voltage is reached, the gas film is broken down and an electrochemical discharge occurs accompanied by discharge spark; under the action of the discharge spark, the surface material of the workpiece in the discharge-affected region is directly ablated to generate a heat-affected layer (HAL), namely, physical modification.

The invention proposes a method for producing a protective reinforcement for the leading edge (BA) or trailing edge of a blade (P), the leading edge (BA) or trailing edge being curved, the method comprising steps of flattening (102) a hollow tube (1) so as to form at least one fold line (6) extending along the tube (1), opening (104) the flattened tube (1) by cutting the tube (1) along a cutting line (8) opposite the fold line (6) with respect to the tube (1), so as to form two flanks (16, 18) linked at the fold line (6) and intended to be mounted on the pressure side and the suction side of the blade (P), the method being characterised by a preliminary step (100) of bending the hollow tube (1) carried out before the flattening (102) and adapted such that the fold line (6) after flattening (102) is curved and substantially matches the curved leading edge (BA) of the blade (P).

The invention proposes a method for producing a protective reinforcement for the leading edge (BA) or trailing edge of a blade (P), the leading edge (BA) or trailing edge being curved, the method comprising steps of flattening (102) a hollow tube (1) so as to form at least one fold line (6) extending along the tube (1), opening (104) the flattened tube (1) by cutting the tube (1) along a cutting line (8) opposite the fold line (6) with respect to the tube (1), so as to form two flanks (16, 18) linked at the fold line (6) and intended to be mounted on the pressure side and the suction side of the blade (P), the method being characterised by a preliminary step (100) of bending the hollow tube (1) carried out before the flattening (102) and adapted such that the fold line (6) after flattening (102) is curved and substantially matches the curved leading edge (BA) of the blade (P).

A system for removing one or more three-dimensional workpieces manufactured in additive manufacturing environment from a substrate plate is disclosed. The system includes an adjustable support tooling apparatus, a grinder, a cut-machining device, a work tank, a wire discharge machine and coolant pump filtration system. The adjustable support tooling apparatus is supporting a three-dimensional workpiece while it is being detached from a substrate plate by cutting device. The adjustable support apparatus of the present disclosure is also easily adaptable to various weights and geometric of workpiece. The improved substrate plate preparation machine in additive manufacturing enables to complete a job at one place, wherein the job is cutting the work piece and grinding the uneven cut surface of the substrate plate, thereby the ground substrate plate can be reused.

A system for removing one or more three-dimensional workpieces manufactured in additive manufacturing environment from a substrate plate is disclosed. The system includes an adjustable support tooling apparatus, a grinder, a cut-machining device, a work tank, a wire discharge machine and coolant pump filtration system. The adjustable support tooling apparatus is supporting a three-dimensional workpiece while it is being detached from a substrate plate by cutting device. The adjustable support apparatus of the present disclosure is also easily adaptable to various weights and geometric of workpiece. The improved substrate plate preparation machine in additive manufacturing enables to complete a job at one place, wherein the job is cutting the work piece and grinding the uneven cut surface of the substrate plate, thereby the ground substrate plate can be reused.

Shape-tube electrochemical machining (STEM) systems, and methods of forming curved holes in components using STEM systems are disclosed. The systems may include a slider element, and an electrode coupled to the slider element. The electrode may include a linear body section, and a tip section. The tip section may be angled at a non-linear angle relative to the linear body section. The systems may also include a guide block slidably engaging the electrode. The guide block may include at least one aperture formed between a first and second section. The aperture(s) may receive the electrode. Additionally, the systems may include an electrode positioning block coupled to the linear body section of the electrode. The electrode positioning block may position the tip section of the electrode at a desired orientation relative to a component receiving the tip section to form a curved hole in the component.