A method to mitigate liquid metal embrittlement cracking in resistance welding of galvanized steels includes modifying at least one face of a steel member to create a first workpiece by: applying a zinc containing material in a first layer to the at least one face of the steel member; and spraying a second layer of a copper containing material onto the first layer of the zinc containing material. The at least one face of the first workpiece is abutted to a second workpiece of a steel material. A resistance welding operation is performed to join the first workpiece to the second workpiece. A temperature of the resistance welding operation locally melts the zinc containing material and the copper containing material to create a brass alloy of the zinc containing material and the copper containing material.

A method of joining together adjacent overlapping copper workpieces by way of resistance spot welding involves providing a workpiece stack-up that includes a first copper workpiece and a second copper workpiece that lies adjacent to the first copper workpiece. The faying surface of the first copper workpiece includes a projection that ascends beyond a surrounding base surface of the faying surface and makes contact, either directly or indirectly, with an opposed faying surface of the second copper workpiece. Once provided, a compressive force is applied against the first and second copper workpieces and an electric current is passed momentarily through the first and second copper workpieces. The electric current initially flows through the projection to generate and concentrate heat within the projection prior to the projection collapsing. This concentrated heat surge allows a metallurgical joint to be established between the first and second copper workpieces.

The present invention relates to an air conditioner. The air conditioner according to the present embodiment has a refrigeration capacity of 11 kW to 16 kW, inclusive, and uses R32 as a refrigerant circulating therein, and since a refrigerant pipe therein is made of a ductile stainless steel material having 1% or less of a delta-ferrite matrix structure with respect to the grain size area thereof, the refrigerant pipe can maintain strength and hardness as good as or better than those of a copper pipe, while also maintaining good processability.

Provided is a joint component manufacturing method for reducing occurrence of burrs upon bonding between a first member having a hole and a second member having a shaft portion and firmly bonding both members. In the method for manufacturing a joint component 100, a hole-side weak press-fit portion 112 is formed at a hole 111 of a flat plate ring-shaped first member 110. Moreover, each of a shaft-side weak press-fit portion 122 and a shaft-side strong press-fit portion 124 is formed at a shaft portion 121 of a cylindrical second member 120. The hole-side weak press-fit portion 112 and the shaft-side weak press-fit portion 122 are defined by a first weak press-fit interference Lw1 formed thinner than a first strong press-fit interference Ls1. The shaft-side strong press-fit portion 124 is defined by a first strong press-fit interference Ls1 as the minimum necessary press-fit interference for electric resistance welding upon electric resistance welding between the hole 111 and the shaft portion 121.

A joining apparatus for panel sheets and a joining method for panel sheets using the same are provided. The joining apparatus includes an element punching device which stores and supplies elements according to a specification of a panel sheet and inserts the element into a first panel sheet among different types of panel sheets. Additionally, a welding device resistively welds a part of the first panel sheet into which the element is inserted by the element punching device.

A bonded body includes a first metal piece, a second metal piece, and a spacer. The first metal piece has a first surface and a protrusion protruding on the first surface. The second metal piece has a second surface, and the second surface of the second metal piece is bonded to the first surface of the first metal piece at the protrusion. The spacer has an electrically insulating property. The spacer is provided on the first surface of the first metal piece, and located between the first metal piece and the second metal piece. The first metal piece and the second metal piece are arranged to face each other such that a portion of the first surface of the first metal piece outside of the spacer is exposed from the second metal piece.

In a main metal piece 60 and an inner cylinder 70 serving as cylindrical bodies before welding, a second end surface 75 is an inclined surface that inclines toward an end portion opposite from the second end surface 75 as the second end surface 75 extends toward the center axis, and an angle 2a is 5 to 15. Thus, the distance between a first end surface 65 and the second end surface 75 positioned in resistance welding increases toward the center axis, and an angle c (=angle 2a) between the first end surface 65 and the second end surface 75 is 5 to 15.

In a main metal piece 60 and an inner cylinder 70 serving as cylindrical bodies before welding, a second end surface 75 is an inclined surface that inclines toward an end portion opposite from the second end surface 75 as the second end surface 75 extends toward the center axis, and an angle 2a is 5 to 15. Thus, the distance between a first end surface 65 and the second end surface 75 positioned in resistance welding increases toward the center axis, and an angle c (=angle 2a) between the first end surface 65 and the second end surface 75 is 5 to 15.

A sensor element includes: an element body including, for example, a thermistor; paired lead wires drawn out from the element body; and stranded wires that are each obtained by twisting a plurality of core wires and are joined to the respective paired lead wires in a welding region. The welding region includes a main joining region provided in a predetermined region in an axis direction, and sub joining regions adjacent to the main joining region, and joining strength of each of the lead wires and the corresponding stranded wire is higher in the main joining region than in the sub-joining region.

A sensor element includes: an element body including, for example, a thermistor; paired lead wires drawn out from the element body; and stranded wires that are each obtained by twisting a plurality of core wires and are joined to the respective paired lead wires in a welding region. The welding region includes a main joining region provided in a predetermined region in an axis direction, and sub joining regions adjacent to the main joining region, and joining strength of each of the lead wires and the corresponding stranded wire is higher in the main joining region than in the sub-joining region.