Provided is a system for controlling heating of a workpiece that includes an interface to receive a target temperature (T.sub.T) for the workpiece. A processor is configured to determine, based on monitoring outputs of temperature sensor(s), a current highest temperature (T.sub.H) for the workpiece and set a control temperature (T.sub.C) based on the received target temperature and the current highest temperature. A control system is configured to heat the workpiece to substantially the control temperature (T.sub.C) by turning on a heating device, and turning off the heating device when the workpiece reaches substantially the control temperature (T.sub.C). The processor is further configured to characterize a temperature ramp rate based on a measured temperature overshoot at the workpiece after turning off the heating device, and the control system is configured to heat the workpiece to the received target temperature (T.sub.T) by controlling the heating device based on the temperature ramp rate.

Provided is a system for controlling heating of a workpiece that includes an interface to receive a target temperature (T.sub.T) for the workpiece. A processor is configured to determine, based on monitoring outputs of temperature sensor(s), a current highest temperature (T.sub.H) for the workpiece and set a control temperature (T.sub.C) based on the received target temperature and the current highest temperature. A control system is configured to heat the workpiece to substantially the control temperature (T.sub.C) by turning on a heating device, and turning off the heating device when the workpiece reaches substantially the control temperature (T.sub.C). The processor is further configured to characterize a temperature ramp rate based on a measured temperature overshoot at the workpiece after turning off the heating device, and the control system is configured to heat the workpiece to the received target temperature (T.sub.T) by controlling the heating device based on the temperature ramp rate.

An electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel pipe or tube that is excellent in both the fracture property of the weld and the corrosion resistance of the pipe or tube inner surface as electric resistance welded without additional welding treatment such as weld overlaying after electric resistance welding is provided. An electric-resistance-welded stainless clad steel pipe or tube comprises: an outer layer of carbon steel or low-alloy steel; and an inner layer of austenitic stainless steel having a predetermined chemical composition, wherein a flatness value h/D in a 90 flattening test in accordance with JIS G 3445 is less than 0.3, and a pipe or tube inner surface has no crack in a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate corrosion test in accordance with ASTM A262-13, Practice E, where h is a flattening crack height (mm), and D is a pipe or tube outer diameter (mm).

Provided is a welding monitoring apparatus that monitors a welding state of a V-convergence region in which a strip-shaped metal sheet is converged in a V-shape, when the metal sheet is cylindrically formed while being conveyed, and both side edges of the metal sheet are heated and melted in a manner of being butted each other while being converged in the V-shape, such that an electric resistance welded steel pipe is manufactured. This welding monitoring apparatus includes an image capturing unit that captures images of a region including the V-convergence region in time series; and an image processing unit that extracts a welding point based on the images captured in time series and detects the presence or absence and a position of irregular arcing at the welding point or on an upstream side of the welding point.

Provided is a welding monitoring apparatus that monitors a welding state of a V-convergence region in which a strip-shaped metal sheet is converged in a V-shape, when the metal sheet is cylindrically formed while being conveyed, and both side edges of the metal sheet are heated and melted in a manner of being butted each other while being converged in the V-shape, such that an electric resistance welded steel pipe is manufactured. This welding monitoring apparatus includes an image capturing unit that captures images of a region including the V-convergence region in time series; and an image processing unit that extracts a welding point based on the images captured in time series and detects the presence or absence and a position of irregular arcing at the welding point or on an upstream side of the welding point.

Systems, methods, and apparatus to weld by preheating welding wire and inductively heating a workpiece are disclosed. An example welding system includes: a welding current source configured to provide welding current to a welding circuit, the welding circuit comprising an electrode wire and a first contact tip of a welding torch; an electrode preheating circuit configured to provide preheating current through a first portion of the electrode wire via a second contact tip of the welding torch; and at least one induction heating coil configured to apply induction heat to a workpiece, the welding current source, the electrode preheating circuit, and the induction heating coil configured to perform a preheating operation and a welding operation on the workpiece.

Systems, methods, and apparatus to weld by preheating welding wire and inductively heating a workpiece are disclosed. An example welding system includes: a welding current source configured to provide welding current to a welding circuit, the welding circuit comprising an electrode wire and a first contact tip of a welding torch; an electrode preheating circuit configured to provide preheating current through a first portion of the electrode wire via a second contact tip of the welding torch; and at least one induction heating coil configured to apply induction heat to a workpiece, the welding current source, the electrode preheating circuit, and the induction heating coil configured to perform a preheating operation and a welding operation on the workpiece.

The present disclosure is directed to an electrical system topology designed for use in a portable electronic device. The electrical system uses a conductive housing of the device to form a single main electrical circuit, which consists of forward microelectronics, rearward microelectronics and a battery. Through synchronized main circuit current modulation by the forward and rearward microelectronics, bidirectional communication is established between the forward and rearward sections of the device. The design allows for mechanical simplicity, which aids in product size reduction, increases mechanical robustness, reduces costs and enhances mechanical design flexibility.

A system and method for controlling heating of at least one of an engine and a battery in a hybrid vehicle includes at least one heater and at least one system controller. The system controller receives a command signal and generates a heater control signal based on the command signal. The heater is in the hybrid vehicle and is electrically coupled to an electrical port integrated in the hybrid vehicle. The electrical port receives electric power from a power source external to the hybrid vehicle. In addition, the system includes a heater switch. The heater switch receives the heater control signal to control an amount of energy transferred from the electrical port to the heater and the heater selectively heats at least one of the engine and the battery in the hybrid vehicle.

A method for spot-welding metallic materials includes: sandwiching the metallic materials with a pair of electrodes; a pre-heating step for pre-heating a region different from a given region which should be welded by applying electric power having a high frequency to the pair of electrodes; and a welding step for spot-welding a given region of the metallic materials by applying electric power for welding to the pair of electrodes. The heating time in the pre-heating step and that in the welding step are independently controlled.