This disclosure relates to weldability of steel alloys that provide weld joints which retain hardness values in a heat affected zone adjacent to a fusion zone and which also have improved resistance to liquid metal embrittlement due to the presence of zinc coatings.

In some embodiments, a method may bond titanium to an intermediate alloy. The method may include layering a portion of an intermediate alloy onto a portion of titanium. The method may include focusing a controlled heat source on a spot of the intermediate alloy to form a weld pool in the intermediate alloy at the spot. The method may include superheating the intermediate alloy in the weld pool above the melting point of the intermediate alloy but below the melting point of titanium such that liquid intermediate alloy contacts the surface of the portion of the titanium heating the portion of the titanium. The method may include diffusing the portions of titanium and intermediate alloy together such that upon the intermediate alloy cooling below the melting point of the intermediate alloy the portions of the intermediate alloy and titanium are bonded forming a weldment.

A process of fabricating a shield, a process of preparing a component, and an erosion shield are disclosed. The process of fabricating the shield includes forming a near-net shape shield. The near-net shape shield includes a nickel-based layer and an erosion-resistant alloy layer. The nickel-based layer is configured to facilitate secure attachment of the near-net shaped to a component. The process of preparing the component includes securing a near-net shape shield to a substrate of a component.

A laser welding method includes preliminarily heating an entire welding path by irradiating the entire welding path with a heating laser beam for a first predetermined time, the welding path being closed loop-shaped and formed at a boundary between two workpieces as welding objects, and performing scanning with a welding laser beam along the welding path while continuously performing the irradiation with the heating laser beam after the preliminary heating and terminating the irradiation with the welding laser beam after the welding laser beam goes around the welding path.

A method for producing a layered object includes irradiating a surface layer of the object with an energy beam to create an interaction zone on the surface layer. The method also includes providing relative motion between the energy beam and the surface layer so as to control the interaction between the energy beam and the surface layer. The method also includes introducing feedstock into the interaction zone so that the feedstock melts and forms a hot solidified surface after leaving the interaction zone. The method also includes applying mechanical energy to the hot solidified surface.

A welding or cladding apparatus in which one or more energy beam emitters are used to generate a wide beam spot transverse to a welding or cladding path, and one or more wide feeders feed wire to the spot to create a wide welding or cladding puddle.

In some embodiments, a method may bond titanium to an intermediate alloy. The method may include layering a portion of an intermediate alloy onto a portion of titanium. The method may include focusing a controlled heat source on a spot of the intermediate alloy to form a weld pool in the intermediate alloy at the spot. The method may include superheating the intermediate alloy in the weld pool above the melting point of the intermediate alloy but below the melting point of titanium such that liquid intermediate alloy contacts the surface of the portion of the titanium heating the portion of the titanium. The method may include diffusing the portions of titanium and intermediate alloy together such that upon the intermediate alloy cooling below the melting point of the intermediate alloy the portions of the intermediate alloy and titanium are bonded forming a weldment.

In manufacturing method of shunt resistor according to the present invention, at least one of first and second conductors that is thicker than a resistance alloy plate member includes a joining surface abutted to the resistance alloy plate member with their edges on one side in a plate-thickness direction being aligned with each other, a first inclined surface that is gradually located on one side in the plate-thickness direction from the joining surface toward the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction, and a first plate surface extending to the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction from the first inclined surface. Electron beams or laser is emitted to the joining surfaces of the conductor having the larger thickness and the resistance alloy plate member from one side in the plate-thickness direction to weld the joining surfaces.

The amount of manganese in the weld fumes generated by an arc welding process can be reduced without reducing the concentration of manganese in the weld deposit ultimately obtained by supplying the manganese to the weld site by the hot wire welding electrode of a hot wire welding process.

A method, apparatus, and system are provided to monitor and characterize the dynamics of a phase change region (PCR) created during laser welding, specifically keyhole welding, and other material modification processes, using low-coherence interferometry. By directing a measurement beam to multiple locations within and overlapping with the PCR, the system, apparatus, and method are used to determine, in real time, spatial and temporal characteristics of the weld such as keyhole depth, length, width, shape and whether the keyhole is unstable, closes or collapses. This information is important in determining the quality and material properties of a completed finished weld. It can also be used with feedback to modify the material modification process in real time.