The present disclosure provides three-dimensional (3D) objects, 3D printing processes, as well as methods, apparatuses and systems for the production of a 3D object. Methods, apparatuses and systems of the present disclosure may reduce or eliminate the need for auxiliary supports. The present disclosure provides three dimensional (3D) objects printed utilizing the printing processes, methods, apparatuses and systems described herein.

The present disclosure provides three-dimensional (3D) objects, 3D printing processes, as well as methods, apparatuses and systems for the production of a 3D object. Methods, apparatuses and systems of the present disclosure may reduce or eliminate the need for auxiliary supports. The present disclosure provides three dimensional (3D) objects printed utilizing the printing processes, methods, apparatuses and systems described herein.

Aspects of the disclosure include a joining strategy for resistance spot welding joints and components manufactured using the same. An exemplary vehicle includes a welded component having two or more layers. The welded component includes a first metal layer having a first conductivity and a second metal layer having a second conductivity. The first metal layer and the second metal layer are joined at a faying interface of a resistance spot-weld joint. The resistance spot-weld joint includes a continuous intermetallic layer at the faying interface directly between the first metal layer and the second metal layer and a pair of laser welds positioned on opposite sides of the continuous intermetallic layer. The pair of laser welds penetrate through the second metal layer and terminate within the first metal layer. The pair of laser welds extend into the first metal layer beyond a topmost surface of the continuous intermetallic layer.

Aspects of the disclosure include a joining strategy for resistance spot welding joints and components manufactured using the same. An exemplary vehicle includes a welded component having two or more layers. The welded component includes a first metal layer having a first conductivity and a second metal layer having a second conductivity. The first metal layer and the second metal layer are joined at a faying interface of a resistance spot-weld joint. The resistance spot-weld joint includes a continuous intermetallic layer at the faying interface directly between the first metal layer and the second metal layer and a pair of laser welds positioned on opposite sides of the continuous intermetallic layer. The pair of laser welds penetrate through the second metal layer and terminate within the first metal layer. The pair of laser welds extend into the first metal layer beyond a topmost surface of the continuous intermetallic layer.

A high-strength multi-functional coating with a multi-level structure, and a preparation method thereof are provided. In this application, a high-efficiency cladding method based on infrared laser-plasma synchronous compounding is adopted to prepare a micro-scale columnar crystal structure that is perpendicular to a substrate and serves as a pure thermally and electrically conductive channel, and to prepare submicro- and nano-scale ceramic reinforcement phases between columnar crystals, where the submicro- and nano-scale ceramic reinforcement phases are distributed along grain boundaries. The multi-level organizational structure of this application can simultaneously improve the hardness, wear resistance, and electrical and thermal conductivities of a cladding layer for a copper alloy and can improve the reliability of damage protection for a copper alloy component used in an extreme environment.

A method of detecting center coordinates of a spot welding mark includes: a linear laser light emitting step of emitting a plurality of linear laser light components with a linear irradiation trace on a spot welding mark by emitting laser light through continuous output oscillation; a waveform acquiring step of acquiring a waveform of an intensity of return light which is light generated from a processing point; an outer edge position coordinates deriving step of deriving position coordinates of three or more points on an outer edge of the spot welding mark from a peak position of the intensity of the waveform of the return light; and a center coordinates calculating step of calculating center coordinates of the spot welding mark from the position coordinates of the three or more points on the outer edge derived in the outer edge position coordinates deriving step.

A method of detecting center coordinates of a spot welding mark includes: a linear laser light emitting step of emitting a plurality of linear laser light components with a linear irradiation trace on a spot welding mark by emitting laser light through continuous output oscillation; a waveform acquiring step of acquiring a waveform of an intensity of return light which is light generated from a processing point; an outer edge position coordinates deriving step of deriving position coordinates of three or more points on an outer edge of the spot welding mark from a peak position of the intensity of the waveform of the return light; and a center coordinates calculating step of calculating center coordinates of the spot welding mark from the position coordinates of the three or more points on the outer edge derived in the outer edge position coordinates deriving step.