A hyperspectral optical element for monolithic detectors is provided. In one embodiment, for example a hyperspectral optical element includes a faceplate layer adapted to be mounted on top of a monolithic detector. The faceplate layer comprises a reflective inner surface. A notched layer includes a plurality of notched surfaces and is mounted to the faceplate layer. The notched surfaces oppose the reflective inner surface of the faceplate and define a plurality of variable depth cavities between the reflective inner surface of the faceplate layer and the plurality of notched surfaces of the notched layer. The faceplate layer and the notched layer are substantially transparent to a received signal and the plurality of variable depth cavities provides resonant cavities for one or more wavelengths of the received signal.

A concrete layer having an upper surface and a lower surface, a first fiber layer having longitudinally oriented and radially oriented fiber embedded in the upper surface of the concrete layer, and a second fiber layering having longitudinally oriented and radially oriented fiber embedded in the lower surface of the concrete layer.

According to the present invention, there is provided a pipe forming apparatus for forming a pipe at an installation site. The apparatus includes a former upon which material is wound, and a mold for receiving the former bearing the wound material. An applicator is provided for applying curable liquid within the mold. Advantageously, the pipe is formed at site to provide for efficient formation of a pipeline. A transported ISO container providing the material and curable liquid to the site can produce 800 metres of pipeline section, compared with 60 metres in the prior art, representing a significant increase in efficiency.

According to the present invention, there is provided a pipe forming apparatus for forming a pipe at an installation site. The apparatus includes a former upon which material is wound, and a mold for receiving the former bearing the wound material. An applicator is provided for applying curable liquid within the mold. Advantageously, the pipe is formed at site to provide for efficient formation of a pipeline. A transported ISO container providing the material and curable liquid to the site can produce 800 metres of pipeline section, compared with 60 metres in the prior art, representing a significant increase in efficiency.