A fixing member having an endless belt shape or a roller shape includes a base layer and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and has a pore communicating with an opening of an outer surface thereof. Perfluoropolyether is contained in at least a part of the pores. A ratio (E″(1)/E″(2)) is 0.60 to 1.00, where E″(1) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to a circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C., and E″(2) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C. after removal of the perfluoropolyether contained in the pore.

A fixing member having an endless belt shape or a roller shape includes a base layer and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and has a pore communicating with an opening of an outer surface thereof. Perfluoropolyether is contained in at least a part of the pores. A ratio (E″(1)/E″(2)) is 0.60 to 1.00, where E″(1) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to a circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C., and E″(2) is an average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at 100 to 150° C. after removal of the perfluoropolyether contained in the pore.

Nonwoven multilayer structures having at least two nanofiber layers are described herein. The nonwoven multilayer structure may have two nanofibers layers that have different properties from each other, such as fiber diameter. One nanofiber layer may be produced by an electrospinning process, while another nanofiber layer may be produced by a melt blown process.

Nonwoven multilayer structures having at least two nanofiber layers are described herein. The nonwoven multilayer structure may have two nanofibers layers that have different properties from each other, such as fiber diameter. One nanofiber layer may be produced by an electrospinning process, while another nanofiber layer may be produced by a melt blown process.

A multi-layer laminate includes a glass panel unit, an intermediate film, and a transparent plate. The transparent plate is assembled to the glass panel unit via the intermediate film. The glass panel unit includes a first and second glass panel, and an evacuated space. The evacuated space is interposed between the first and second glass panel. A method for manufacturing the multi-layer laminate includes a step. The step includes exhausting a gas from a bag, loaded with the glass panel unit, the intermediate film, and the transparent plate, to cause the bag to shrink and thereby assembling, using the bag thus shrunk, the glass panel unit and the transparent plate via the intermediate film. The step includes raising a pressure inside the bag from a pressure at an initial stage of heating while increasing a temperature of the intermediate film to a predetermined temperature at which the intermediate film softens.

A multi-layer laminate includes a glass panel unit, an intermediate film, and a transparent plate. The transparent plate is assembled to the glass panel unit via the intermediate film. The glass panel unit includes a first and second glass panel, and an evacuated space. The evacuated space is interposed between the first and second glass panel. A method for manufacturing the multi-layer laminate includes a step. The step includes exhausting a gas from a bag, loaded with the glass panel unit, the intermediate film, and the transparent plate, to cause the bag to shrink and thereby assembling, using the bag thus shrunk, the glass panel unit and the transparent plate via the intermediate film. The step includes raising a pressure inside the bag from a pressure at an initial stage of heating while increasing a temperature of the intermediate film to a predetermined temperature at which the intermediate film softens.

A composite panel includes a core having at least one core element. The core element includes a shell defining a cavity. A pair of skins sandwich the core. Each skin has a first face facing away from the core and an opposed second face facing the core. The second face has a plurality of barbs extending therefrom. The barbs penetrate the shell to secure the core element between the skins. A method for making a composite panel includes positioning a core element against a barbed face of a first skin, where the core element includes a shell defining a cavity, and pressing the core element and first skin together to force barbs of the barbed face to penetrate the shell.

A composite panel includes a core having at least one core element. The core element includes a shell defining a cavity. A pair of skins sandwich the core. Each skin has a first face facing away from the core and an opposed second face facing the core. The second face has a plurality of barbs extending therefrom. The barbs penetrate the shell to secure the core element between the skins. A method for making a composite panel includes positioning a core element against a barbed face of a first skin, where the core element includes a shell defining a cavity, and pressing the core element and first skin together to force barbs of the barbed face to penetrate the shell.

A glueless dustless composite flooring material system providing PVC-based flooring having layers providing different qualities of hardness, wear-resistance, sound deadening, and decorative patterns, avoiding the use of moisture-susceptible compressed dust filler, with layers fused together, avoiding the manufacturing complexity and delamination risks of using glue or adhesive, with a quickly-cured, UV-cured top coating providing long-lasting high performance and shortening and simplifying the manufacturing, which can be done in a sheet-form, essentially continuous-run manner, with an ability to quickly and simply change the optional design printing and texturing produced, and having an optional underlayment layer.

A method for manufacturing a panel including a reinforcement sheet having the steps of: providing a first layer of thermoplastic material, providing a reinforcement sheet, laying the reinforcement sheet and the first layer onto each other, applying a second layer of thermoplastic material on top of the reinforcement sheet at a side facing away from the first layer, at least partially melting the thermoplastic materials of the first layer and the second layer, adhering the at least partially melted first layer, the at least partially melted second layer and the reinforcement sheet to each other so as to form the panel. Additionally, the reinforcement sheet and the first layer are adhered to each other by pressing them together after at least partially melting the thermoplastic material of the first layer, but before applying the second layer of thermoplastic material onto the reinforcement sheet.