A carrier substrate to be used, when manufacturing a member for an electronic device on a surface of a substrate, by being bonded to the substrate, includes at least a first glass substrate. The first glass substrate has a compaction described below of 80 ppm or less. Compaction is a shrinkage in a case of subjecting the first glass substrate to a temperature raising from a room temperature at 100° C./hour and to a heat treatment at 600° C. for 80 minutes, and then to a cooling to the room temperature at 100° C./hour.

A process for room temperature substrate bonding employs a first substrate substantially transparent to a laser wavelength is selected. A second substrate for mating at an interface with the first substrate is then selected. A transmissivity change at the interface is created and the first and second substrates are mated at the interface. The first substrate is then irradiated with a laser of the transparency wavelength substantially focused at the interface and a localized high temperature at the interface from energy supplied by the laser is created. The first and second substrates immediately adjacent the interface are softened with diffusion across the interface to fuse the substrates.

A tinted glass composition and glass article including the same, the composition including: about 45 mol % to about 80 mol % SiO.sub.2; about 6 mol % to about 22 mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 0 mol % to about 25 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3; about 7 mol % to about 25 mol % of at least one alkaline earth oxide selected from MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and combinations thereof; about 0.5 mol % to about 20 mol % CuO; 0 mol % to about 6 mol % SnO.sub.2, SnO, or a combination thereof; 0 mol % to about 1.0 mol % C; 0 mol % to about 5 mol % La.sub.2O.sub.3; and 0 mol % to about 10 mol % PbO, and that is substantially free of alkali metal.

A laminated glass, a method for producing a laminated glass, and a reflective film that has end parts where the generation of wrinkles is prevented in a case where the laminated glass is produced by sandwiching the reflective film between two glass plates and that has a reflection wavelength range with a small variation are provided. The reflective film has wavelength-selective reflectivity. A thermal shrinkage rate in a case where the reflective film is held at 140° C. for 30 minutes is greater than 0.5% and smaller than 2.0%. The reflective film has at least one cutout portion on a side edge of the reflective film.

Porous, binderless ceramic surface modification materials are described, and applications of use thereof. The ceramic surface material is in the form of an interconnected network of porous ceramic material on a substrate. The ceramic material may include a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, and/or hydrates thereof, or a metal carbonate or metal phosphate, on a substrate surface. The substrate may be in the form of a metal or polymer particulate, powder, extrudate, or flakes.

Provided is an apparatus for manufacturing a multi-pane glass unit. The apparatus includes: a first plate configured to hold a first glass pane; a second plate configured to hold a second glass pane such that the second glass pane faces the first glass pane; and a conveyer including a first portion configured to convey the first glass pane onto the first plate and a second portion configured to convey the second glass onto the second plate.

A film for laminating glass includes a polyvinyl acetal, a plasticizer, inorganic particles, and a trioxane-based compound.

An article comprising a layer element (LE) of at least two layers, first layer and second layer.

A glass stack structure includes: a carrier plate having a width in a first direction and a length in a second direction; a stack glass on the carrier plate and including mother glasses sequentially stacked therein; adhesive lines including a high viscous material and arranged at peripheral portions of the carrier plate and the mother glasses to adhere the carrier plate to the mother glasses, and the adhesive lines includes wave lines extending in the second direction and spaced apart from each other in the first direction and linear lines extending in the first direction and spaced apart from each other in the second direction; and an adhesive layer including a low viscous material and covering a cell area of the carrier plate and the mother glasses to adhere the carrier plate to the mother glasses, where the cell area is defined by the wave lines and the linear lines.

A facade element includes a coloring transparent or semi-transparent first pane and a mechanically supporting transparent second pane firmly connected to one another by an intermediate layer. The first pane has a front surface arranged on the light incidence side and an opposite back surface, at least one surface of the front and back surfaces has at least one structured region, and at least one optical interference layer is arranged on the at least one surface for reflecting light within a predetermined wavelength range. The structured region has the following features: perpendicular to the plane of the first pane, a height profile comprising peaks and valleys, wherein an average height difference between the peaks and valleys is at least 2 μm, at least 50% of the structured region is composed of segments which are inclined with respect to the plane of the first pane (2).