A dental appliance for positioning a patient's teeth includes a removable orthodontic tooth positioning appliance having teeth receiving cavities shaped to directly receive at least some of the patient's teeth and apply a resilient positioning force to the patient's teeth. The appliance includes a hard polymer layer having a hard polymer layer elastic modulus disposed between a first soft polymer layer having a first soft polymer layer elastic modulus and a second soft polymer layer having a second soft polymer layer elastic modulus. The hard polymer layer elastic modulus is greater than each of the first soft polymer layer elastic modulus and the second soft polymer layer elastic modulus. At least one of the first soft polymer layer and the second soft polymer layer has a flexural modulus of greater than about 35,000 psi.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to a surfacing film. The surfacing film includes a base layer. The base layer includes a thermoplastic polyurethane film comprising a reaction product of a reaction mixture of a diisocyanate, a polyester polyol having a melting temperature of at least about 30° C.; and a diol chain extender. There are many reasons to use the surfacing film including easier and more cost effective manufacturing of the surfacing film by directly extruding the base layer by mixing the reaction mixture in an extruder. Another reason to use the surfacing film is that the film has improved resistance to discoloration. Another reason to use the film is that the film shows good toughness.

A method of manufacturing an article for a spa includes laminating a cosmetic film to a base substrate; laminating an acrylic film to the cosmetic film, the base substrate, cosmetic film and the acrylic film forming a layered assembly, and forming the layered assembly to shape.

A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a total value of lengths of straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72 is less than 20% of a total value of the plurality of connection elements 44, 74.

A heating plate 10 includes: a pair of glass plates 11, 12; a conductive pattern 40, 70 disposed between the pair of glass plates 11, 12 and defining a plurality of opening areas 43, 73; and a joint layer 13, 14 disposed between the conductive pattern 40, 70 and at least one of the pair of glass plates 11, 12; wherein the conductive pattern 40, 70 includes a plurality of connection elements 44, 74 that extend between two branch points 42, 72 to define the opening areas 43, 73; and a total value of lengths of straight line segments connecting the two branch points 42, 72 is less than 20% of a total value of the plurality of connection elements 44, 74.

The present invention relates to a lamination process for producing a multilayer laminate, preferably to a lamination process for producing a photovoltaic (PV) module, and to a PV module laminate.

A laminated motor-vehicle windshield includes exterior glass sheet and an interior glass sheet, which sheets are joined together by an interlayer made of a thermoplastic of refractive index n.sub.1. The windshield is equipped with a through-hole that passes through at least one of the glass sheets and may pass through the interlayer and wherein the hole is filled with an optical device that is suitable for deviating a light beam incident substantially horizontally on that face of the windshield which is exposed to the exterior of the vehicle and for making it converge, substantially without deformation, on an image-capturing device of a camera, such as a CCD or CMOS detector, placed facing that face of the windshield which is turned toward the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The detector is arranged substantially parallelly to the surface of the windshield.

One embodiment relates to a hardcoat multilayer film, which includes a first hardcoat and a transparent resin film layer in this order from the surface layer side, where the first hardcoat has been formed from a coating material that includes (A) 100 parts by mass of a copolymer of (a1) a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate and (a2) a polyfunctional thiol, (B) 0.01-7 parts by mass of a water repellent, and (C) 0.1-10 parts by mass of fine resin particles having an average particle diameter of 0.5-10 and that contains no inorganic particles. Another embodiment relates to a hardcoat multilayer film, which includes a first hardcoat and a transparent resin film layer in this order from the surface layer side, where the first hardcoat has been formed from a coating material that includes (A) a copolymer of (a1) a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate and (a2) a polyfunctional thiol, (B) a water repellent, and (C) fine resin particles having an average particle diameter of 0.5-10 m and that contains no inorganic particles, and which satisfies given requirements concerning abrasion resistance, total light transmittance, and the Y value of the XYZ color system based on a 2-degree field of view.

According to at least one embodiment, there is provided a hard coat laminated film, including, from a surface layer side, a second hard coat, a first hard coat, and a transparent resin film layer, where the first hard coat and the transparent resin film layer are laminated directly, where the first hard coat is formed of a coating material including: (A) 100 parts by mass of a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate; and (B) 1 to 100 parts by mass of an N-substituted (meth)acrylamide compound, where the second hard coat is formed of a coating material containing no inorganic particles, and where the transparent resin film is a transparent multilayer film or a transparent monolayer film made of a poly(meth)acrylimide resin, where the transparent multilayer film includes a surface layer made of a poly(meth)acrylimide resin, the first hard coat being formed on the surface layer.

Multilayer polymer sheets are provided, as well as related methods, systems, and appliances.