A wafer has a layer containing silicon, a layer of polycrystalline diamond deposited on the silicon-containing layer, and a bow-compensation layer on the other side of the silicon-containing layer for reducing wafer-bow. A method of making a bonded structure includes an activation process for creating dangling bonds on the surface of one substrate, followed by contact-bonding the surface to a second substrate at low temperature. A bonded structure may include two substrates contact bonded to each other, one substrate including a layer containing silicon, a layer of polycrystalline diamond, a bow-compensation layer for reducing wafer-bow of the first substrate, and the other substrate including gallium nitride, silicon carbide, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or another suitable material other than diamond.

In a method of manufacturing light converting devices each in form of a converter element attached on a carrier substrate, a carrier wafer and a converter wafer with lateral dimensions larger than the lateral dimensions of the converter elements are provided. A bond layer is applied to one of the carrier wafer and the converter wafer, and the converter wafer is securely fixed on the carrier wafer via the bond layer, thereby forming a wafer stack. The wafer stack is then separated into pieces such that first of said pieces have the lateral dimensions of the converter elements and do not share any edge with an edge of the wafer stack, said first pieces forming the light converting devices. With this method, a light converting device without any squeezed out bonding material, e.g. glue, is achieved.

An optical mirror assembly includes a crystalline face sheet and a carbon fiber sandwich. The crystalline face sheet has a first surface configured to reflect light and a second surface coupled to the carbon fiber sandwich by a layer of epoxy. The carbon fiber sandwich is configured to structurally support the crystalline face sheet. The carbon fiber sandwich includes a first carbon fiber layer, a second carbon fiber layer and a substrate positioned between the first carbon fiber layer and the second carbon fiber layer.

A mirror includes a carrier, a reflecting layer disposed above a main face of the carrier, and a transparent layer disposed above the reflective layer. The carrier includes a base body, and the base body includes one or more of a material comprising a density in a range from 0.1 to 1.0 g/cm.sup.3, a porous material, a foamed material, a material comprising a structure containing closed cells, a material comprising a honeycomb structure, or a structure containing carbon fibers.

A mirror substrate includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of first mirror patterns arranged on the transparent substrate and spaced apart from each other, each of the first mirror patterns including a phase compensation layer and a first mirror layer sequentially stacked on the transparent substrate, and a second mirror layer disposed on the transparent substrate and between neighboring ones of the first mirror patterns, the second mirror layer having a second thickness less than a first thickness of the first mirror layer.

A method of manufacturing a thin film is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles, size-reducing the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles by grinding to produce crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures, and coating the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures onto a substrate to produce a thin film. An electrochromic multi-layer stack is also provided.

A window is provided that includes a first substrate, a second substrate spaced apart from the first substrate, an intermediate substrate between the first and second substrate and having a first transparent electrode on a surface proximal to the first substrate and second transparent electrode on a surface proximal to the second substrate, a first electrode on a surface of the first substrate proximal to the intermediate substrate, a second electrode on a surface of the second substrate proximal to the intermediate substrate, a light absorbing layer comprising an electrochromic medium between the first substrate and the intermediate substrate, and a light scattering layer comprising a liquid crystal material between the intermediate substrate and the second substrate.

Provided is a resin composition including 40 to 99% by mass of a fluorine-based resin (A), and 1 to 60% by mass of a matting agent (B), in which a swell ratio as measured under the conditions of a measurement temperature of 230 C., an ambient temperature of 23 C., and a shear rate of 96 (1/sec) is 0.90 to 2.00.

The present invention provides a mirror surface decorative sheet having excellent specularity, excellent surface properties, and excellent processability in which neither springback nor cracking occurs during the processing steps, and a mirror surface decorative plate using this mirror surface decorative sheet. The present invention relates to a mirror surface decorative sheet comprising at least a base sheet and a surface-protecting layer, and having a crack elongation as measured by a predetermined method of 10 to 20%, the base sheet being formed of a polypropylene resin, the base sheet having a thickness of 150 to 500 m, and the base sheet having a ten-point mean roughness (Rzjis) of a surface as measured according to JIS B 0601: 2001 of 5 m or less, the surface-protecting layer being a cured product of an ionizing radiation-curable resin composition, the surface-protecting layer having a thickness of 7 to 17 m.

A window is provided that includes a first substrate, a second substrate spaced apart from the first substrate, an intermediate substrate between the first and second substrate and having a first transparent electrode on a surface proximal to the first substrate and second transparent electrode on a surface proximal to the second substrate, a first electrode on a surface of the first substrate proximal to the intermediate substrate, a second electrode on a surface of the second substrate proximal to the intermediate substrate, a light absorbing layer comprising an electrochromic medium between the first substrate and the intermediate substrate, and a light scattering layer comprising a liquid crystal material between the intermediate substrate and the second substrate.