A system for applying a first, a second, and a third coating composition. The system includes a first high transfer efficiency applicator defining a first nozzle orifice. The system further includes a second high transfer efficiency applicator defining a second nozzle orifice. The system further includes a third high transfer efficiency applicator defining a third nozzle orifice. The system further includes a substrate defining a target area. The first, the second, and the third high transfer efficiency applicators are configured to expel the first coating composition through the first nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate, through the second nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate, and through the third nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate.

Method for providing a natural colour and optical depth to a dental object comprising the steps: providing a framework of the dental object, taking an object colour picture of an adjacent dental object or reference dental object, and uploading the object colour picture into a computing device, calibrating and adjusting the uploaded object colour picture into a target object colour picture in a computing device, (pre)determining the thickness profile of the enamel material to be applied on the framework, correcting in a computing device of the digital picture elements of the target object colour picture for the thickness profile of the enamel material to be applied on the position of the digital picture elements and providing a print colour picture of the corrected digital picture elements, printing the print colour picture as a print layer on the framework, applying the enamel material in the predetermined profile-thickness upon the print layer upon the framework.

According to an embodiment, a card issuing system which issues cards includes: a print image generation portion which generates print data to perform printing on the card; an overcoat image generation portion which generates overcoat data, which is data on an overcoat for the print data generated by the print image generation portion; and a printing portion which performs printing of the print data generated by the print image generation portion, and the overcoat data generated by the overcoat image generation portion on the card. The overcoat image generation portion generates the overcoat data with which an area where a design quality is required in the print data is subjected to overcoating based on pixels to be printed by the print data, and an area where durability is required in the print data is subjected to overcoating which covers the area.

The disclosure relates to methods of manufacturing surface materials for construction or manufacturing use and the surface materials produced by such methods. Substrate materials, such as synthetic or engineered stone or fiber-reinforced resinous panels, can be formed in conventional ways such as casting, molding, or pressing. Layers are printed onto substrate materials to form textures, which may include inks to selectively color the printed texture, thereby enabling a wide variety of high-resolution appearances. A clear, protective topcoat is then applied to the surface materials and cured to provide a finished material.

A system for applying a first and a second coating composition is provided herein. The system includes a first high transfer efficiency applicator defining a first nozzle orifice and a second high transfer efficiency applicator defining a second nozzle orifice. The system further includes a first reservoir a second reservoir. The system further includes a substrate defining a first target area and a second target area. The first high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to receive the first coating composition from the first reservoir and configured to expel the first coating composition through the first nozzle orifice to the first target area of the substrate. The second high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to receive the second coating composition from the second reservoir and configured to expel the second coating composition through the second nozzle orifice to the second target area of the substrate.

There is provided a resin-impregnated decorative paper (2) formed by impregnating a decorative paper (4) with an impregnating resin (5). The decorative paper (4) includes: a base paper (6); a picture pattern layer (7) provided on a surface (6a) side of the base paper (6); a filling layer (8) provided on a surface (7a) of the picture pattern layer (7); and a foamed resin layer (9) provided on a surface (8a) of the filling layer (8). The filling layer (8) contains at least one of an epoxy-based resin, an acrylic-based resin, a urethane-based resin, and a casein-based resin.

A method of forming a coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes identifying at least one of an Ohnesorge number (Oh) for the coating composition, a Reynolds number (Re) for the coating composition, or a Deborah number (De) for the coating composition. The method includes obtaining at least one of a viscosity (η) of the coating composition, a surface tension (σ) of the coating composition, a density (ρ) of the coating composition, a relaxation time (λ) of the coating composition, a nozzle diameter (D) of the high efficiency transfer applicator, or an impact velocity (v) of the high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes forming the coating composition having at least one of the viscosity (η), the surface tension (σ), or the density (ρ). The coating composition is configured to be applied to the substrate utilizing the high efficiency transfer applicator having at least one of the nozzle diameter (D) or the impact velocity (v).

A coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator is provided herein. The coating composition includes monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric compounds having a number average molecular weight of from about 400 to about 20,000 and having a free-radically polymerizable double bond. The coating composition further includes a photo initiator. The coating composition has an Ohnesorge number (Oh) of from about 0.01 to about 12.6. The coating composition has a Reynolds number (Re) of from about 0.02 to about 6,200. The coating composition has a Deborah number (De) of from greater than 0 to about 1730.

A coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator. The coating composition includes a carrier and a binder comprising an elastomeric resin in an amount of at least 50 weight %, wherein the elastomeric resin has an Elongation to Break of at least 500% according to DIN 53 504. The coating composition has an Ohnesorge number (Oh) of from about 0.01 to about 12.6. The coating composition has a Reynolds number (Re) of from about 0.02 to about 6,200. The coating composition has a Deborah number (De) of from greater than 0 to about 1730.

An ink used for printing on a leather includes: a coloring material, an organic solvent, and a resin; where a maximum tensile stress of an ink film formed of the ink is 2 N/mm.sup.2 or more.