Systems and methods automatically rescale an original engine model so that it models an engine of a different size. The original engine model may be coupled to an engine controller model, and the systems and methods may also rescale the original controller model to produce a rescaled controller model matched to the rescaled engine model. The original engine model may include engine parameters and engine lookup tables, and the original controller model may include controller parameters and controller lookup tables. Rescaling factors indicating the size of the new engine being modeled may be received, and ratios may be computed as a function of the rescaling factors. Original engine parameters and controller parameters may be rescaled based on the ratios. Original engine lookup tables and controller lookup tables may be reshaped based on the ratios.

A standardization system for the manufacture of tires is provided. The same size tire components can be used in the summit of tires having different sizes i.e., tires having different section widths, sidewall heights, and/or aspect ratios. A matrix of tire sizes can be associated with one or more tire summit parameters. The matrix can be used for the manufacture of tires having one or more standardized components by holding substantially constant the value of one or more tire summit parameters across a diagonal of the matrix.

A tire has a tread portion provided with circumferential grooves. The ground contact area of the tread portion has ground contact lengths in the tire circumferential direction which include a crown ground contact length LC at the tire equator C and a shoulder ground contact length LS at a position spaced apart from the tire equator C by 80% of a half tread width Tw. The crown ground contact length LC is 0.95 to 1.05 times the shoulder ground contact length LS. Groove depths of the circumferential grooves are proportional to ground contact lengths of the ground contact area at the respective axial positions of the circumferential grooves.

A simulation method of exterior noise generated by a rolling tyre, in particular Pass-By Noise (PBN), which method comprises the following steps: (iv) providing a FEM structural model of a rolling tyre including modelled pattern features, wherein an instant position of each node is calculated; (v) providing the tyre structural model as input to a mapping procedure which outputs a tyre acoustic model, which procedure comprises the following sub-steps: (iia) for each target node of the acoustic mesh, a number of closest input nodes of the input structural mesh are selected; (iib) a value of a vibration variable for the target node is calculated starting from the values of such variable of the closest input nodes; (iic) for each target note a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is calculated to obtain the vibration variables in frequency domain; (vi) calculating the sound pressure field generated by the tyre based upon the tyre acoustic model.

A tire deterioration state prediction method for predicting, by a computer, the deterioration state of a tire using a tire model configured from multiple elements comprises an information acquisition step for acquiring information relating to a use environment, which includes the pressure history and the temperature history in an air chamber during tire use, and the history of load acting on the tire, and information relating to the tire characteristics, including the material characteristics of members configuring the tire; a temperature history calculation step for calculating, for each element, the temperature history of the tire on the basis of the information acquired in the information acquisition step; an oxygen concentration history calculation step for calculating, for each element, the oxygen concentration history on the basis of the information and the temperature history of each element; and a tire deterioration state evaluation step for evaluating the deterioration state of the tire on the basis of the oxygen concentration history of each element.

A system and method are provided for estimating and applying vehicle tire traction. Vehicle data (e.g., movement and location-based data) and tire sensor data are collected at a vehicle and transmitted to a remote computing system (e.g., cloud server). A wear status is determined, and traction characteristics determined for at least one tire, based at least on the vehicle data and the determined tire wear status. The predicted tire traction characteristics are transmitted from the remote computing system to an active safety unit associated with the vehicle, or a fleet management system, wherein the recipient is configured to modify vehicle operation settings based on at least the predicted tire traction characteristics. A maximum speed for the vehicle may be defined by the recipient, or a minimum following distance where, e.g., the vehicle is one of multiple vehicles in a defined platoon.

A method for simulating the variation as a function of time in a physical system giving in real time the state of this system, the state of the system being defined by a set of variables that are periodically updated with a preset period (P), the method comprising updating the value of at least one of the variables (input variable), and estimating the value of at least one of the variables (estimated variable), via convergence of an iterative algorithm having as input datum the at least one input variable, in which method, if the algorithm has not converged at the end of the last iteration in a period called the current period, the current period having a duration shorter than or equal to the preset period (P), the iterative algorithm continues in the following period, taking up where it left off in the last iteration of the current period.

There is disclosed a method, for determining a suitable tire for use on a vehicle, wherein the vehicle comprises an electronic device capable of collecting driving data relating to the driving of the vehicle. The method comprises obtaining driving data (18), from the electronic device, relating to the driving of the vehicle, and determining, from the driving data, an amount of driving performed on at least one of a plurality of different road types (20). The method further comprises forming a road type driving profile (22) comprising one or more road types and the associated determined amount of driving performed thereon and selecting, from a plurality of different tires, a suitable tire (24) for the vehicle based on at least the road type driving profile.

A hand-held device for obtaining a three-dimensional topological surface profile of a tire, the device comprising: a base comprising an aperture; a light source arranged in use to generate an elongate pattern of light, and to project said pattern through the aperture onto a rolling surface of the tire; a detector arranged to image a region of the rolling surface of the tire; a plurality of pairs of guide wheels mounted on respective axles mounted on the base, wherein the guide wheels on adjacent axles are linked by gears; and a rotary encoder arranged to generate a signal corresponding to rotation of an axle.

A design method for an outer contour structure of a tire capable of reducing tire wind resistance, including the following steps: step 1, establishing an initial tire model; step 2, building an tire aerodynamic drag calculation model; step 3, designing a testing scheme using tire five contour parameters; step 4, building a function relationship between tire five outer contour parameters and an aerodynamic drag coefficient values, and verifying the accuracy of the function relationship; and step 5, obtaining tire five outer contour parameters when the aerodynamic drag coefficient value is smallest by using an optimization algorithm. The design method effectively avoids the blindness problem in the design process of the tire outer contour structure and can effectively reduce the design cycle number of the tire outer contour structure, thereby improving the improvement efficiency, meanwhile, it is benefit to reduce tire aerodynamic drag and improve vehicle economy and reduce harmful emissions.