A ground utility robot and implement attachment apparatus having a ground utility robot, at least one implement, at least one solar panel, at least one battery that is chargeable by the at least one solar panel, a power take-off system that is connected to the ground utility robot and to the at least one implement; where the battery powers said ground utility robot and the implement; a safety system that has a computer, a safety program that utilizes a processing logic on the computer, where the safety program initiates precautionary measures that are carried out by the ground utility robot and the power take-off system if an object comes within a predefined distance from the ground utility robot and implement attachment apparatus.

A hybrid interchangeable battery evaluation tool (HIBET) is provided. HIBET determines an amount of electrical energy and an amount of jet fuel necessary for a hybrid electric aircraft to complete a flight based on a range of the flight, a payload of the hybrid electric aircraft, an indication of a battery mass limitation of the hybrid electric aircraft, and an optimization of an energy split between the electrical energy and the jet fuel. HIBET causes an indication of the amount of electrical energy to be displayed in a graphical user interface and/or to be otherwise outputted.

A hybrid interchangeable battery evaluation tool (HIBET) is provided. HIBET determines an amount of electrical energy and an amount of jet fuel necessary for a hybrid electric aircraft to complete a flight based on a range of the flight, a payload of the hybrid electric aircraft, an indication of a battery mass limitation of the hybrid electric aircraft, and an optimization of an energy split between the electrical energy and the jet fuel. HIBET causes an indication of the amount of electrical energy to be displayed in a graphical user interface and/or to be otherwise outputted.

An electric tricycle with a tricycle frame, at least two pedals, and an electric motor. The tricycle frame has a steering assembly with handlebars and a front wheel and a rear wheel assembly with two rear wheels mounted on a rear axle. The pedals are rotatably coupled to the rear wheel assembly. The pedals have an engaged configuration where the pedals are engaged with the rear axle and a disengaged configuration where the pedals are disengaged from the rear axles. The electric motor is mounted on the rear wheel assembly and is electrically coupled to a battery. The electric motor is configured to engage with the rear axle when the pedals are in the disengaged configuration. The electric motor may have a forward clutch to rotate the rear axle in a first direction and a reverse clutch to rotate the rear axle in a second direction opposite the first direction.

An electric tricycle with a tricycle frame, at least two pedals, and an electric motor. The tricycle frame has a steering assembly with handlebars and a front wheel and a rear wheel assembly with two rear wheels mounted on a rear axle. The pedals are rotatably coupled to the rear wheel assembly. The pedals have an engaged configuration where the pedals are engaged with the rear axle and a disengaged configuration where the pedals are disengaged from the rear axles. The electric motor is mounted on the rear wheel assembly and is electrically coupled to a battery. The electric motor is configured to engage with the rear axle when the pedals are in the disengaged configuration. The electric motor may have a forward clutch to rotate the rear axle in a first direction and a reverse clutch to rotate the rear axle in a second direction opposite the first direction.

A control method of a heat pump system for a vehicle includes a first cooling apparatus having a first radiator, a first water pump, an electrical component, a valve, and a branch line, which are connected by a first coolant line and circulate a first coolant by the first water pump to the electrical component; a second cooling apparatus including a second radiator and a second water pump connected by a second coolant line; and an air conditioning apparatus including a compressor, a heater, an expansion valve, and a heat exchanger which are connected by a refrigerant line circulated with a refrigerant.

A control method of a heat pump system for a vehicle includes a first cooling apparatus having a first radiator, a first water pump, an electrical component, a valve, and a branch line, which are connected by a first coolant line and circulate a first coolant by the first water pump to the electrical component; a second cooling apparatus including a second radiator and a second water pump connected by a second coolant line; and an air conditioning apparatus including a compressor, a heater, an expansion valve, and a heat exchanger which are connected by a refrigerant line circulated with a refrigerant.

A wireless battery management system includes a plurality of slave BMSs coupled to a plurality of battery modules in one-to-one correspondence. Each slave BMS is configured to operate in active mode and sleep mode. Each slave BMS is configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal indicating a state of the battery module. The wireless battery management system further includes a master BMS configured to wirelessly receive the detection signal from each of the plurality of slave BMSs. The master BMS is configured to set a scan cycle and a scan duration for each of the plurality of slave BMSs based on the detection signal, and wirelessly transmit a control signal to the plurality of slave BMSs. The control signal includes a wireless balancing command indicating the scan cycle and the scan duration set for each of the plurality of slave BMSs.

A wireless battery management system includes a plurality of slave BMSs coupled to a plurality of battery modules in one-to-one correspondence. Each slave BMS is configured to operate in active mode and sleep mode. Each slave BMS is configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal indicating a state of the battery module. The wireless battery management system further includes a master BMS configured to wirelessly receive the detection signal from each of the plurality of slave BMSs. The master BMS is configured to set a scan cycle and a scan duration for each of the plurality of slave BMSs based on the detection signal, and wirelessly transmit a control signal to the plurality of slave BMSs. The control signal includes a wireless balancing command indicating the scan cycle and the scan duration set for each of the plurality of slave BMSs.

A system includes an emergency response vehicle transitionable between a motive state and a non-motive state and a tool. The tool includes an identifier and is configured to be removably secured to the emergency response vehicle. The system further includes a scanner coupled to the emergency response vehicle and operable to identify the identifier when the tool is secured to the emergency response vehicle. A control module is communicatively coupled to the scanner and includes a processor and a memory storing instructions which cause the processor to determine that the emergency response vehicle has transitioned between the motive state and the non-motive state, and, in response to determining that the emergency response vehicle has transitioned between the motive state and the non-motive state, cause the scanner to scan the emergency response vehicle for the identifier to determine whether the tool is secured to the emergency response vehicle.