An arthroscope having an elongated core with a square radial cross section.

An objective optical system includes in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens group having a negative refractive power, a second lens group, and a third lens group having a positive refractive power. At a time of focusing, the second lens group moves in an optical axial direction. The third lens group includes, from the object side to the image side, a front group and a rear group. The front group includes a cemented lens having a positive refractive power or includes a single lens having a positive refractive power. The rear group includes a cemented lens having a positive refractive power, and the following conditional expression (1) is satisfied:
0.45<d3t/f32<0.8  (1).

An imaging probe comprises a camera or endoscope with an external detector array, in which the probe is sized and shaped for surgical placement in an eye to image the eye from an interior of the eye during treatment. The imaging probe and a treatment probe can be coupled together with a fastener or contained within a housing. The imaging probe and the treatment probe can be sized and shaped to enter the eye through an incision in the cornea and image one or more of the ciliary body band or the scleral spur. The treatment probe may comprise a treatment optical fiber or a surgical placement device to deliver an implant. A processor coupled to the detector can be configured with instructions to identify a location of one or more of the ciliary body band, the scleral spur, Schwalbe's line, or Schlemm's canal from the image.

An imaging probe comprises a camera or endoscope with an external detector array, in which the probe is sized and shaped for surgical placement in an eye to image the eye from an interior of the eye during treatment. The imaging probe and a treatment probe can be coupled together with a fastener or contained within a housing. The imaging probe and the treatment probe can be sized and shaped to enter the eye through an incision in the cornea and image one or more of the ciliary body band or the scleral spur. The treatment probe may comprise a treatment optical fiber or a surgical placement device to deliver an implant. A processor coupled to the detector can be configured with instructions to identify a location of one or more of the ciliary body band, the scleral spur, Schwalbe's line, or Schlemm's canal from the image.

An imaging probe comprises a camera or endoscope with an external detector array, in which the probe is sized and shaped for surgical placement in an eye to image the eye from an interior of the eye during treatment. The imaging probe and a treatment probe can be coupled together with a fastener or contained within a housing. The imaging probe and the treatment probe can be sized and shaped to enter the eye through an incision in the cornea and image one or more of the ciliary body band or the scleral spur. The treatment probe may comprise a treatment optical fiber or a surgical placement device to deliver an implant. A processor coupled to the detector can be configured with instructions to identify a location of one or more of the ciliary body band, the scleral spur, Schwalbe's line, or Schlemm's canal from the image.

An endoscope apparatus includes: an insertion portion having a distal end portion; an optical path switching unit configured to switch an optical path so that only one of a first subject image and a second subject image is imaged on an image forming area, the second subject image being an image of a subject formed by light emitted from a second objective optical system disposed at the distal end portion and having an optical magnification higher than that of the first objective optical system; an imaging element configured to generate an image acquired by picking up the first subject image and the second subject image formed in the image forming area; and an endoscope processing unit configured to control switching of the optical path based on an input zoom magnification and apply image processing to the image generated by the imaging element.

A surgical information processing apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: an acquisition unit that acquires a surgical image; a determination unit that determines whether additional information is attached to the surgical image acquired by the acquisition unit; and a processing unit that performs first image processing when the determination unit has determined that the additional information is not attached, and does not perform the first image processing when the determination unit has determined that the additional information is attached.

A tip part for an endoscope has a vision receptor; a first light source; an exterior housing accommodating the vision receptor and the first light source; the exterior housing comprising a window positioned at a distal end of the tip part, the window being of a transparent material, the window comprising an exterior front surface positioned at least partly in front of the vision receptor and the first light source, wherein the window integrally comprises a first optical well of the transparent material, the first optical well being an interior protrusion positioned between the first light source and the vision receptor so that a portion of light emitted from the first light source and reflected from the exterior surface enters the first optical well, whereby stray light is at least partially prevented from entering the vision receptor.

An endoscope system includes an illuminator configured to switch between a first illumination light and a second illumination light for which a ratio of a quantity of light is 1/α, an objective optical system, an image sensor, an optical path splitter which is disposed between the objective optical system and the image sensor, the optical path splitter has an optical path splitting surface, a first reflecting surface, and a second reflecting surface. A processor acquires for each of the first illumination light and the second illumination light, a first image pickup signal and a second image pickup signal, combines the first image pickup signal and the second image pickup signal for the first illumination light and the first image pickup signal and the second image pickup signal for the second illumination light, and generates an image of a high dynamic range. Here, α denotes a coefficient.

Medical imaging camera head devices and methods are provided using light captured by an endoscope system or other medical scope or borescope. Afocal light from the scope is manipulated and split by a beamsplitter. At least one polarizing optical element manipulates the polarization properties of one or both of the beams. The resulting first and second beams are passed through focusing optics to different image sensor areas to produce images with different intensity. The resulting images are combined with high dynamic range techniques.