There is provided an endoscope that allows treatment, which uses a treatment tool, to be performed accurately.

An observation window is mainly disposed in a distal end surface region positioned above a horizontal axis, a first treatment tool outlet port is mainly disposed in a distal end surface region positioned below the horizontal axis, and a position of a center of a front water supply port in a direction of a vertical axis is disposed between a position of a center of the observation window and a position of a center of the first treatment tool outlet port in the direction of the vertical axis.

The number of lenses within an objective lens for endoscopes is only three. The objective lens for endoscopes includes, in order from the object side, a first lens which is a single lens having a negative refractive power and a concave surface toward the object side, an aperture stop, and a cemented lens. The cemented lens is formed by cementing one positive lens and one negative lens together. Conditional formulae related to the distance from the surface toward the object side of the first lens to the aperture stop and the Abbe's numbers of the positive lens and the negative lens that constitute the cemented lens are satisfied.

An imaging capsule, including a radiation source; a collimator that blocks the emission of radiation from the radiation source except through two or more output columns; a detector paired to each output column configured to detect particles resulting from X-ray fluorescence and/or Compton backscattering in response to the particles emitted by the output columns; wherein the collimator is configured to rotate around an X axis to scan a partial or full inner circumference of a user's colon with radiation emitted from each output column; and wherein at least two of the two or more output columns are tilted by a distinct angle relative to a Y axis that is perpendicular to the X axis, to scan distinct positions along the user's colon and form images of a slice of the colon in parallel planes.

An electronic endoscope of the invention includes: an insertion portion to be inserted into a subject; a distal end rigid portion including a distal end portion and a proximal end portion, the distal end rigid portion being made of resin and provided at a distal end portion of the insertion portion; a bending tube made of metal and provided continuously with the distal end rigid portion; objective optical systems provided at the distal end rigid portion; an image pickup unit that picks up images formed by the objective optical systems; an illumination lens barrel made of metal, the illumination lens barrel holding an illumination optical system provided at the distal end rigid portion and being extended in a direction of the proximal end portion; and a first conductive portion that establishes electrical conduction between the bending tube and the illumination lens barrel.

An image pickup apparatus includes an optical unit in which a plurality of lenses have relative positions fixed by a transparent resin that fills spaces among the plurality of lenses, and an image pickup substrate in which a light receiving section configured to receive light that is caused to be incident from the optical unit is formed on a principal surface, the optical unit being bonded to the principal surface via an adhesive, and the optical system includes an objective optical system including a plurality of lenses, and inter-lens distances of the plurality of lenses are defined by a spacer, a diaphragm, or the transparent resin.

An endoscope with adjustable viewing angle includes a pivotable prism (to divert light that can pivot around a pivot axis to adjust the viewing angle and a fixed prism to divert light that is diverted by the pivotable prism into a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the endoscope, such that at least either a light outlet surface of the pivotable prism is positioned in a recess of the fixed prism or a light inlet surface of the fixed prism is positioned in a recess of the pivotable prism.

A device for Doppler optical coherence tomography (Doppler OCT), preferably of the human middle ear, is proposed. The device has an endoscope unit for at least partial insertion into the auditory canal. A sound source, a sound receiver, and OCT optics are integrated in the endoscope unit.

An objective optical system for an endoscope consists of, in order from an object side, a negative front group, an aperture stop, and a positive rear group. The front group includes, in order from the object side, only a negative first lens and a cemented lens formed of a negative second lens and a positive third lens cemented to each other, as lenses. The rear group includes, in order from the object side, only a positive fourth lens and a cemented lens formed of a positive fifth lens and a negative sixth lens cemented to each other, as lenses. The objective optical system for an endoscope satisfies predetermined conditional expressions.

A smart device may assist a user in aligning an otoscope of an otoscope clip device with a camera of the smart device. A model identification may be determined. The model identification may indicate a model associated with the smart device. An alignment image may be determined using the model identification. The alignment image may be displayed on the display of the smart device.

An optical system for rigid endoscope includes an objective optical system, an eyepiece optical system, and a relay optical system which is disposed between the objective optical system and the eyepiece optical system. The objective optical system includes in order from an object side, a first lens having a negative refractive power, a second lens having a positive refractive power, a third lens having a positive refractive power, and a fourth lens having a negative refractive power. The following conditional expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied:
−3<(RL1i+RL1o)/(RL1i−RL1o)<−1.3  (1)
30<νdL1  (2) where, RL1o denotes a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the first lens, RL1i denotes a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the first lens, and νdL1 denotes Abbe number for the first lens.