An examination system having separate enabled interchangeable operating modes includes at least one medical device having a housing retaining an optical system. The examination system further includes an adapter that is configured for aligning a plurality of disparate smart devices with the optical system of the medical device when the adapter is attached to the medical device, thereby enabling multiple operating modes without modification to the device. In at least one version, common engagement features are provided on a plurality of medical devices to permit the adapter and an attached smart device to be used therewith interchangeably.

An endoscope apparatus includes: an endoscope including an insertion portion with flexibility inserted into paranasal sinus of a subject and capable of emitting illuminating light from a distal end of the insertion portion toward the subject inside of the paranasal sinus; and an illumination mechanism configured to emit the illuminating light from the endoscope to the subject in a predetermined direction of an irradiation range of the illuminating light in a mode different from other directions.

An endoscope apparatus includes: an endoscope including an insertion portion with flexibility inserted into paranasal sinus of a subject and capable of emitting illuminating light from a distal end of the insertion portion toward the subject inside of the paranasal sinus; and an illumination mechanism configured to emit the illuminating light from the endoscope to the subject in a predetermined direction of an irradiation range of the illuminating light in a mode different from other directions.

An apparatus includes a cannula assembly and a sensor assembly. The cannula assembly includes a proximal end, a distal end, and a first lumen extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The cannula is formed of a rigid material. The sensor assembly includes a sensor and a communication wire. The sensor is fixed to the cannula assembly. The communication wire is in electrical communication with the sensor. The communication wire extends along a length of the cannula assembly exterior to the first lumen.

An illuminating wire medical device may include an elongate flexible housing and an illuminating fiber and a core wire extending through at least part of the housing, the core wire providing desired pushability and torquability. The illuminating device may further include a connector assembly cooperating with the illuminating fiber to accommodate changes in length and to absorb forces applied during use of the device.

Apparatus, including a probe having an insertion tube and a section connected to the insertion tube. A camera is attached to the section and a magnetic field sensor coil, having a first coil axis of symmetry, is also attached with the first axis parallel to a camera direction of view. Another magnetic field sensor coil, which has a second coil axis of symmetry, is attached to the insertion tube with the second axis perpendicular to the camera direction of view. A processor receives signals generated by the coils and in response to signals received at a first time, identifies an initial orientation of an initial image produced by the camera. In response to signals received at a second, subsequent, time, the processor identifies a subsequent orientation of a subsequent image and rotates the subsequent image on a display so as to reorient the subsequent image to the initial orientation.

Determining the progression of reflux disease in the esophagus of a patient includes identifying the location of an endoscopic gastroesophageal junction in the esophagus, removing a length of tissue of the esophagus that includes a portion of the endoscopic gastroesophageal junction, and identifying the proximal limit of tissue containing cardiac epithelium. Determining the length of the squamo-oxyntic gap of the biopsied tissue can involve measuring the length of tissue extending between the proximal limit of tissue containing gastric oxyntic epithelium to the proximal limit of tissue containing cardiac epithelium. A linear relationship can be determined from a slope of a line extending between a first data point and a second data point that can determine a target age of the patient when the lower esophageal sphincter will have a certain length.

Determining the progression of reflux disease in the esophagus of a patient includes identifying the location of an endoscopic gastroesophageal junction in the esophagus, removing a length of tissue of the esophagus that includes a portion of the endoscopic gastroesophageal junction, and identifying the proximal limit of tissue containing cardiac epithelium. Determining the length of the squamo-oxyntic gap of the biopsied tissue can involve measuring the length of tissue extending between the proximal limit of tissue containing gastric oxyntic epithelium to the proximal limit of tissue containing cardiac epithelium. A linear relationship can be determined from a slope of a line extending between a first data point and a second data point that can determine a target age of the patient when the lower esophageal sphincter will have a certain length.

An endoscope includes: an insertion portion including a bending portion bendable at least in a vertical direction on a distal end portion side; an operation portion to which a proximal end portion of the insertion portion is connected; a traction wire including a first end and a second end, connected to the insertion portion at the first end, and configured to bend the bending portion by being pulled; a fixing member fixed to the second end of the traction wire; a holding member configured to hold the fixing member; and a pulley turnably provided inside the operation portion and including a disposing portion where the holding member is disposed.

An insertion device assembly for nasal sinuses includes: a guide pipe bent portion on the distal side of the guide pipe main body; a guide pipe distal opening on the distal side of the bent portion; a sheath inserted into the bent portion and the guide pipe distal opening from a proximal side opening of the main body through the main body to be movable back and forth; a sheath distal opening at the distal side of the sheath; an insertion portion of an endoscope inserted through the sheath to be movable back and forth; and an endoscope operation portion passing the sheath distal opening and the distal end of the insertion portion of the endoscope through the bent portion and protruding the distal end of the insertion portion of the endoscope from the guide pipe distal opening.