A safety structure for a hand brake contains: a casing, a body, a roller rotatably, a first brake line, a second brake line, and a third brake line. The first brake line are connected with a first brake and a second brake of a vehicle, and the second brake line is coupled with a first controller on a left handle of the vehicle, the third brake line is coupled with a second controller on a right handle of the vehicle. The first brake line is bent in half and has two shoulders adjacent to the roller, and an outer diameter of each of the two shoulders is more than the first brake line so that when the first brake line is broken, at least one of the two shoulders stops inside the body or the casing, and at least one of the first and second brakes stops the vehicle.

The apparatus comprises a sensor for generating a vehicle load signal, weighting devices designed to supply a weighted pneumatic pressure as a function of the load signal, and first and second braking control apparatus, both coupled to the weighting devices and comprising respective relay valves which supply at their outlets respective braking pressures, modulated as a function of said weighted pneumatic pressure, to respective braking actuators associated with the wheels of a respective axle or of a respective bogie of the vehicle. The weighting devices comprise an electro-pneumatic drive assembly which is interposed between pneumatic pressure supply means and the drive inlet of the relay valves and an electronic weighting control unit which controls the drive assembly as a function of the load signal, so as to modulate in a predetermined way the pressure at the drive inlet of the relay valves.

In various example embodiments, a system and method for determining a trailer brake gain signal for trailer brakes on a trailer being towed by a vehicle, and applying brakes to the trailer is disclosed. A method includes: providing predetermined calibration settings relating motor drive force to motor speed for a vehicle travelling at various speeds and providing accelerometer data. The method then determines that one or more vehicle performance parameters fall within threshold ranges and then determines both the vehicle weight and the trailer weight. The brake gain signal is determined based on the ratio of the current trailer weight and the original trailer weight. The brake gain signal is then transmitted to a trailer brake controller that applies trailer brakes according to the brake gain signal.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling a vehicle using a specific torque of a brake system. In one embodiment, a method of using a specific torque of a brake system for a vehicle includes: determining a brake pressure of the brake system during a braking operation; determining a deceleration of the vehicle during the braking operation; determining a vehicle mass and a wheel radius; estimating a specific torque of the brake system based on the brake pressure and the deceleration; and operating the vehicle based on the specific torque.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling a vehicle using a specific torque of a brake system. In one embodiment, a method of using a specific torque of a brake system for a vehicle includes: determining a brake pressure of the brake system during a braking operation; determining a deceleration of the vehicle during the braking operation; determining a vehicle mass and a wheel radius; estimating a specific torque of the brake system based on the brake pressure and the deceleration; and operating the vehicle based on the specific torque.

An electronic braking system including a prime mover speed sensor structured to sense a prime mover speed, a vehicle speed sensor structured to sense a vehicle speed, one or more processing circuits comprising one or more memory devices coupled to one or more processors, the one or more memory devices configured to store instructions thereon that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to determine an overspeed condition based on the prime mover speed and the vehicle speed, generate a tuned overspeed value based on the overspeed condition, and generate a braking command based on the tuned overspeed value.

An electronic braking system including a prime mover speed sensor structured to sense a prime mover speed, a vehicle speed sensor structured to sense a vehicle speed, one or more processing circuits comprising one or more memory devices coupled to one or more processors, the one or more memory devices configured to store instructions thereon that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to determine an overspeed condition based on the prime mover speed and the vehicle speed, generate a tuned overspeed value based on the overspeed condition, and generate a braking command based on the tuned overspeed value.

A system for multiple brakes intelligently controlled by a single brake input on a personal mobility vehicle. By determining a front and rear brake differential based on the position and weight of the rider as well as the environmental and vehicle conditions, the system may reduce the risk of the vehicle skidding or tipping due to over-braking. In some embodiments, a rider may use a single brake lever to indicate a desire to brake and the system may make determinations about how to apply a combination of mechanical and electrical brakes to front and back wheels. By applying different braking systems based on a combination of controls and sensors, the system may improve user experience and user safety, especially for inexperienced riders.

A system for multiple brakes intelligently controlled by a single brake input on a personal mobility vehicle. By determining a front and rear brake differential based on the position and weight of the rider as well as the environmental and vehicle conditions, the system may reduce the risk of the vehicle skidding or tipping due to over-braking. In some embodiments, a rider may use a single brake lever to indicate a desire to brake and the system may make determinations about how to apply a combination of mechanical and electrical brakes to front and back wheels. By applying different braking systems based on a combination of controls and sensors, the system may improve user experience and user safety, especially for inexperienced riders.

Provided are a vehicle body behavior control device which can reduce unstable behavior of a vehicle body and a method of controlling behavior of a vehicle body which can reduce unstable behavior of the vehicle body. A vehicle body behavior control device incorporated into a vehicle body having a plurality of wheels includes: a behavior control mechanism which controls behavior of the vehicle body; and a control part which controls an operation of the behavior control mechanism based on an axle load applied to the wheel calculated using a gradient value of a road surface.