An insufflation apparatus and methods for using same are disclosed. The apparatus is equipped with an interactive system for administering reproducible intratracheal aerosols in a consistent automated manner. The insufflation system is useful, in particular for use with experimental animals, including mice and rats and also for treating small animals via the pulmonary route in veterinary medicinal practice.

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.

An inhaler, particularly for a horse, having a reservoir for dispensing a medicament preparation held under excess pressure, with a discharge nozzle for forming an aerosol of the medicament preparation and with a chamber for holding and temporarily storing the aerosol, which is located on the outlet side, a respiratory orifice adapter for a respiratory orifice, particularly a nostril, while according to a first aspect the reservoir is secured in position, at least in the axial direction, according to a second aspect the discharge nozzle has a direction of discharge which is inclined by more than 5° and less than 50° relative to a central axis of the reservoir or a direction of actuation for dispensing the aerosol, and according to a third aspect, the reservoir has a dispensing valve which is arranged at the top in the position of use of the inhaler.

An oxygen catheter for veterinary patients includes an integrated catheter, cannula or vessel having integrated lumens for both oxygen and anesthetic such as lidocaine. The oxygen lumen extends into the trachea of the veterinary patient, often a canine, for respiratory aid. The anesthetic lumen is integrated into the same catheter as the oxygen, and terminates prior to the oxygen lumen for administering an anesthetic such as lidocaine around the soft palate to ease discomfort of the inserted catheter. The integration of the respiratory and anesthetic vessels allows a lidocaine drip to accompany the catheterized oxygen supply to medicate the tracheal, pharynx and soft palate regions from the inserted catheter along the path of the oxygen lumen to ease patient discomfort and anxiety for effective respiratory treatment while avoiding more invasive and expensive measures.

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.

A method for assessing pain caused by administration of a drug solution includes: anesthetizing an experimental animal; inserting a measurement electrode into skeletal muscle of the anesthetized experimental animal; puncturing an injection needle into a predetermined part of the anesthetized experimental animal while measuring a myoelectric potential of the skeletal muscle with the measurement electrode; administering a drug solution to the anesthetized experimental animal; and (i) measuring a duration time of the myoelectric response caused by the administration of the drug solution, and/or (ii) measuring an EMG intensity obtained by integrating absolute values of myoelectric potentials during a period from occurrence of the myoelectric response by the administration of the drug solution to disappearance of the myoelectric response.

In at least one embodiment, a system includes an inhalation source; a plenum in fluid communication with the inhalation source; at least one challenge plethysmography mask in fluid communication with the plenum, for each challenge plethysmography mask including a mask having a cavity to receive at least a nose of a test animal, a delivery conduit in fluid communication with the plenum and the cavity of the mask, at least one exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the cavity of the mask and the plenum, and a pressure sensor attached to the mask to measure pressure within the cavity of the mask; at least one processor in electrical communication with the at least one pressure sensor, the processor configured to process an output signal of the pressure sensor into respiratory data for each test animal during an exposure study; and an exhaust system in fluid communication with the plenum.

The present invention provides methods for determining the selectivity of an anesthetic for an anesthetic-sensitive receptor by determining the molar water solubility of the anesthetic. The invention further provides methods for modulating the selectivity of an anesthetic for an anesthetic-sensitive receptor by altering or modifying the anesthetic to have higher or lower water solubility. The invention further provides methods of inducing anesthesia in a subject by administering via the respiratory pathways (e.g., via inhalational or pulmonary delivery) an effective amount of an anesthetic compound identified according to the present methods.