A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

A shell-and-tube stripper for carbamate decomposition and ammonia recovery from a urea solution comprising a bundle of heated tubes, said tubes being fed with said urea solution and carbon dioxide as stripping medium, the urea solutions forming a liquid falling film on the internal surface of the tubes and the carbon dioxide forming a counter-current gaseous flow; said tubes comprise an external layer made of super austenitic or super duplex stainless steel and an internal layer made of zirconium, said internal layer reaching temperatures higher than 220 C.

A heat and mass transfer system configured to be a passive system using gravitational force to form a thin liquid film flow on an outer surface of a flow distribution head and downstream conduit member to subject the thin liquid film to heat transfer mediums. The at least partially spherical flow distribution head creates a uniform thin flow of liquid on the outer surface increasing the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer system. The heat and mass transfer system may include a heat transfer medium supply system in fluid communication with internal aspects of the downstream conduit such that a heat transfer medium flows within the downstream conduit while the liquid film flows on the outer surface of the downstream conduit. Rather than conventional sheet flow on inner surfaces of a conduit, the flow distribution head enables sheet flow to be formed on an outside surface of a component.

The present invention describes a tall diesel composition obtainable from a crude tall oil, said tall diesel composition comprising carboxylic acids in a range of 50-98 wt % and neutral components in a range of 2-50 wt %, wherein the tall diesel composition comprises 1-20 wt % rosin acids, 6-35 wt % saturated fatty acids and 59-74 wt % unsaturated fatty acids.

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for purifying tall oil material for the production of biofuels and components thereof. The present invention relates further to hydroprocessing of the purified material to obtain biofuels and components thereof.

Evaporator system of the mechanical vapor recompression type, which has a housing (1) and evaporator tubes (2) positioned parallel to each other. A product inlet (3) in fluid communication with a distribution element (4) is connected to the evaporator tubes (2), and a secondary channel (5) is formed between the inside surface of the housing (1) and the external surfaces of the evaporator tubes (2). A vapor liquid separator (6) is positioned at a bottom side of the evaporator tubes (2) and the secondary channel (5). A compressor (7) is in fluid communication with a vapor outlet of the vapor liquid separator (6), and a second transport tube (8) is connected to an inlet (9) of the secondary channel (5). Each evaporator tube (2) of the plurality of evaporator tubes has an inner diameter (de) of at least 50 mm.

Processes for the separation of water from a mixture of water with other components, comprising the following steps: A) providing feed material FM comprising water and at least one a nonionic surfactant S in an amount of 0.1 to 1000 ppm by weight based on the feed material FM, B) subjecting said feed material FM to a distillation step using a falling film evaporator.

A method for recovering dimethylformamide from a polyimide production waste solution containing dimethylformamide, acetic acid, a catalyst, and water, includes (a) a neutralization process of forming the acetic acid into a non-volatile acetate by adding a metal hydroxide to the waste solution, (b) a first distillation process of removing the water contained in the waste solution that has gone through the step (a), (c) a second distillation process of separating and removing the non-volatile acetate from the waste solution, (d) a water content control process of controlling the water content in the waste solution by adding water to the waste solution such that the dimethylformamide and the catalyst contained in the distilled waste solution in the step (c) do not form an azeotropic mixture, and (e) a third distillation process of separating and recovering dimethylformamide through fractional distillation from the waste solution in which the water content has been controlled.

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.