The invention relates to a heat transfer tube (9) for falling film evaporation having a heating medium surface (21) to be heated by a heating medium, a falling film surface (20) to have spent liquor passing over it, and being made from an iron based high alloy stainless steel material with an alloy content above 16.00% for Chromium and above 1% for Nickel. The falling film surface of the heat transfer tube is equipped with at least one weld ridge (WR; WR.sub.1, WR.sub.2), said weld ridge having a height (h; h.sub.2) in the range 0.3 to 5.0 mm, a width (w; w.sub.2) in the range 0.5-15 mm, and an inclination angle (; .sub.1, .sub.2) versus a plane orthogonal to a longitudinal axis (CC) of the heat transfer tube in a range of 0-70 degrees so that each weld ridge is inclined and extends helically along at least a portion of the heat transfer tube or extend within a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer tube and forms well ridge portions on the falling film surface such that the distance along the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer tube between adjacent weld ridge portions is within the range of 0 to 250 mm. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing said heat transfer tube.

The invention relates to a process for concentrating diluted sulfuric acid (10) which may comprise at least one nitroaromatic compound and/or nitric acid as impurities, comprising: (a) feeding the diluted sulfuric acid (10) into a first stage (1) in which low boilers are removed by evaporation and/or stripping to obtain a first concentrated sulfuric acid (12); (b) optionally feeding the first concentrated sulfuric acid (12) into a second evaporation stage (2) to obtain a second concentrated sulfuric acid (14); (c) feeding the second concentrated sulfuric (14) acid into a third evaporation stage (3) if step (b) is carried out, or feeding the first concentrated sulfuric acid (12) into the third evaporation stage (3) if step (b) is not carried out, to obtain concentrated sulfuric acid (16) as product, wherein an oxidizing agent (17) and/or a precursor of an oxidizing agent is fed into the third evaporation stage (3).

A system for processing cannabinoids and recovering solvent has a vessel for a mixture of cannabinoids and solvent. A pump forms a vacuum in the system to draw the mixture into a first heat exchanger to pre-heat the mixture. A falling film evaporator receives the mixture from the first heat exchanger, and boils the mixture to form a solvent vapor. The falling film evaporator collects the cannabinoids from the mixture as a crude oil. The first heat exchanger receives the solvent vapor. Heat is transferred to incoming mixture of the system, and cools and condenses the solvent vapor to form solvent condensate and vapor. A second heat exchanger receives and further cools the solvent condensate and vapor to form further condensed solvent and some solvent vapor. The pump receives the further condensed solvent and some solvent vapor and increases pressure to form solvent liquid and recovers solvent liquid for reuse.

A method and apparatus for water purification and remineralization are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a plurality of thermally coupled thermoelectric modules, as well as means for enhancing mass and energy transfers. The method provides a highly energy-efficient water purification process. The apparatuses and methods of the present inventions can be used to obtain purified and/or remineralized water at rates suitable for household water consumption.

The present invention relates to a distributor device (10000) for the even distribution of a fluid (10) into 2 or more fluid streams each containing gas (11) and liquid (12), with a falling film evaporator (100000), in which the distributor device according to the invention serves to distribute the 2 or more fluid streams onto the heating pipes of the evaporator, and to the use of the distributor device (10000) according to the invention and in particular the falling film evaporator (100000) according to the invention in the production and/or preparation of chemical products. The distributor device according to the invention is characterized, in particular, by a swirl breaker (600) for the gas phase (11) which arises from separating the fluid (10) into a gas phase (11) and a liquid phase (12) within the distributor device.

A heat and mass transfer system configured to be a passive system using gravitational force to form a thin liquid film flow on an outer surface of a flow distribution head and downstream conduit member to subject the thin liquid film to heat transfer mediums. The at least partially spherical flow distribution head creates a uniform thin flow of liquid on the outer surface increasing the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer system. The heat and mass transfer system may include a heat transfer medium supply system in fluid communication with internal aspects of the downstream conduit such that a heat transfer medium flows within the downstream conduit while the liquid film flows on the outer surface of the downstream conduit. Rather than conventional sheet flow on inner surfaces of a conduit, the flow distribution head enables sheet flow to be formed on an outside surface of a component.

A process is disclosed for fractionating biomass-based material. The process includes evaporating an evaporable part of biomass-based material in a short path evaporator, SPE, to produce a depitched lights fraction in liquid form, and a heavier pitch fraction. The depitched lights fraction may contain depitched tall oil in liquid form, and the heavier pitch fraction may contain tall oil pitch, TOP.

A liquid separator and concentrator is disclosed. An example liquid separator and concentrator includes a separator column. A spray chamber has a sprayer nozzle to spray an influent within the spray chamber and create a falling film in the separator column. A heating jacket surrounds the separator column, wherein the heating jacket heats the falling film to evaporate at least one portion of the falling film and leaves a concentrate. A concentrate collection vessel receives the concentrate from the separator column.

A stacked type falling film evaporator includes a first evaporator, a second evaporator, a first vapor recovering device, a second vapor recovering device and a vapor recompressor. The first evaporator and the second evaporator respectively have evaporation tubes of a length of 5 m to 10 m, and are stacked in such a manner that wastewater passes through the first evaporator and the second evaporator in order. The first vapor recovering device collects vapor generated from the wastewater in the first evaporator and supplies the collected vapor to the second evaporator. The second vapor recovering device collects vapor generated from the wastewater in the second evaporator and supplies the collected vapor to the first evaporator. The vapor recompressor compresses the vapor collected in the second vapor recovering device before the vapor is supplied to the first evaporator.

Methods are described for removing contaminants, including glycidyl fatty acid esters, 3-monochloropropane diol and toxins from edible oils by using short path stripping at reduced temperatures and pressures.