A heat exchanger includes a shell, and a tube assembly disposed in the shell, the tube assembly including at least one tube, wherein the tube has a pair of end sections having a first diameter and a central section extending between the end sections having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter.

A heat exchanger includes a shell, and a tube assembly disposed in the shell, the tube assembly including at least one tube, wherein the tube has a pair of end sections having a first diameter and a central section extending between the end sections having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter.

The invention relates to an evaporator. The evaporator may include a drum. The drum may have a first portion and a second portion. The drum may include a product inlet positioned at the first portion of the drum, a product outlet positioned at the second portion of the drum, a vapor outlet, and an agitator. The evaporator may have a heating jacket and/or a product supply pipe. The heating jacket may be configured to surround the drum and/or to heat the product in the drum. The product supply pipe may be positioned outside the drum and/or may extend from the second portion of the drum to the product inlet positioned at the first portion of the drum. The product supply pipe may be in direct contact with the heating jacket.

The invention relates to an evaporator. The evaporator may include a drum. The drum may have a first portion and a second portion. The drum may include a product inlet positioned at the first portion of the drum, a product outlet positioned at the second portion of the drum, a vapor outlet, and an agitator. The evaporator may have a heating jacket and/or a product supply pipe. The heating jacket may be configured to surround the drum and/or to heat the product in the drum. The product supply pipe may be positioned outside the drum and/or may extend from the second portion of the drum to the product inlet positioned at the first portion of the drum. The product supply pipe may be in direct contact with the heating jacket.

Improvements in grain alcohol distillation plants by incorporating a novel internal arrangement in the wort column and the rectifying column with distributors and accumulators inside thereof, achieving a stable and safe process in wide ranges of operation, guaranteeing the productivity of the plant and the quality of the products. The wort column features detachable perforated plates, easy to access and clean through manholes. By having easily detachable plates and, also, a manhole for each plate with holder type connections, the access to the interior of the column for cleaning and maintenance purposes is facilitated. The rectifying column is a special filling column with flow distributors, it has an intermediate alcohol accumulator and a condenser which is an integral part of the column that prevents the use of pumps. The arrangement of distributors and accumulators within the rectifying column favors the operational stability of the plant, allowing a low scale equipment to work similarly to an industrial scale column. The improvements include an integrated automation system with Internet communication for self-management of the plant with remote monitoring and autonomous operation.

Improvements in grain alcohol distillation plants by incorporating a novel internal arrangement in the wort column and the rectifying column with distributors and accumulators inside thereof, achieving a stable and safe process in wide ranges of operation, guaranteeing the productivity of the plant and the quality of the products. The wort column features detachable perforated plates, easy to access and clean through manholes. By having easily detachable plates and, also, a manhole for each plate with holder type connections, the access to the interior of the column for cleaning and maintenance purposes is facilitated. The rectifying column is a special filling column with flow distributors, it has an intermediate alcohol accumulator and a condenser which is an integral part of the column that prevents the use of pumps. The arrangement of distributors and accumulators within the rectifying column favors the operational stability of the plant, allowing a low scale equipment to work similarly to an industrial scale column. The improvements include an integrated automation system with Internet communication for self-management of the plant with remote monitoring and autonomous operation.

Present invention relates to process for reducing MOSH and/or MOAH content of from vegetable lauric oil, wherein the process is comprising steps of: a) subjecting vegetable lauric oil to short-path evaporation, wherein the short-path evaporation is performed at a pressure of below 1 mbar, at a temperature in a range of 180 to 270? C., and with a feed rate per unit area of evaporator surface of the shorth-path evaporation equipment in a range of from 10 to 400 kg/h.Math.m.sup.2, and b) Contacting the retentate vegetable lauric oil of step a) with adsorbent, and obtaining a bleached retentate vegetable lauric oil, and c) Subjecting the bleached retentate vegetable lauric oil of step b) to a further refining step carried out in an oil refining equipment consisting of a stripping column with packing and not more than one oil collection tray or in a deodorizer.

Present invention relates to process for reducing MOSH and/or MOAH content of from vegetable lauric oil, wherein the process is comprising steps of: a) subjecting vegetable lauric oil to short-path evaporation, wherein the short-path evaporation is performed at a pressure of below 1 mbar, at a temperature in a range of 180 to 270? C., and with a feed rate per unit area of evaporator surface of the shorth-path evaporation equipment in a range of from 10 to 400 kg/h.Math.m.sup.2, and b) Contacting the retentate vegetable lauric oil of step a) with adsorbent, and obtaining a bleached retentate vegetable lauric oil, and c) Subjecting the bleached retentate vegetable lauric oil of step b) to a further refining step carried out in an oil refining equipment consisting of a stripping column with packing and not more than one oil collection tray or in a deodorizer.

The present invention describes a method which outlines a process for conversion of CBD to a ?.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?.sup.9-THC) compound or derivative thereof involving treating a naturally produced CBD intermediate compound with an organoaluminum-based Lewis acid catalyst, under conditions effective to produce the ?.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof at a relatively high concentration. The source of the CBD is from industrial hemp having less than 0.3% ?.sup.9-THC and extracting and purifying a CBD distillate or isolate or a combination thereof. This procedure will produce ?.sup.9-THC that is essentially free from any other cannabinoids other than some trace amounts of the initial CBD starting material, or about 95% ?.sup.9-THC and 2-4% CBD. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for further purification and enrichment of the ?.sup.9-THC using distillation and collecting an essentially pure fraction of ?.sup.9-THC using additional distillation or enrichment form of purification. Included are methods and processes to scale the reaction from the lab to large scale manufacturing. Included are methods for adding a molecule marker to authenticate high purity ?.sup.9-THC products. Formulations and uses for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food products, and topicals are also provided.

The present invention describes a method which outlines a process for conversion of CBD to a ?.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?.sup.9-THC) compound or derivative thereof involving treating a naturally produced CBD intermediate compound with an organoaluminum-based Lewis acid catalyst, under conditions effective to produce the ?.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof at a relatively high concentration. The source of the CBD is from industrial hemp having less than 0.3% ?.sup.9-THC and extracting and purifying a CBD distillate or isolate or a combination thereof. This procedure will produce ?.sup.9-THC that is essentially free from any other cannabinoids other than some trace amounts of the initial CBD starting material, or about 95% ?.sup.9-THC and 2-4% CBD. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for further purification and enrichment of the ?.sup.9-THC using distillation and collecting an essentially pure fraction of ?.sup.9-THC using additional distillation or enrichment form of purification. Included are methods and processes to scale the reaction from the lab to large scale manufacturing. Included are methods for adding a molecule marker to authenticate high purity ?.sup.9-THC products. Formulations and uses for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food products, and topicals are also provided.