Disclosed is a process for the manufacture of a composition comprising PEF; wherein said process polymerizes FDCA and a diol in a polymerization reactor; wherein the polymerization reaction occurs in at least one reactor previously used in a polyester plant to produce said composition comprising PEF.

Disclosed is a process for the manufacture of a composition comprising PEF; wherein said process polymerizes FDCA and a diol in a polymerization reactor; wherein the polymerization reaction occurs in at least one reactor previously used in a polyester plant to produce said composition comprising PEF.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to apparatuses that include a vessel comprising a humidification region (e.g., a bubble column humidification region) and a dehumidification region (e.g., a bubble column dehumidification region), and associated systems and methods. In certain embodiments, the apparatuses are configured to include various internal features, such as vapor distribution regions and/or liquid flow control weirs and/or baffles. In some cases, the apparatuses are used in water purification systems, such as desalination systems. The water purification systems may comprise additional devices external to the apparatuses, such as one or more heat exchangers, one or more heating devices, and/or one or more cooling devices.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to apparatuses that include a vessel comprising a humidification region (e.g., a bubble column humidification region) and a dehumidification region (e.g., a bubble column dehumidification region), and associated systems and methods. In certain embodiments, the apparatuses are configured to include various internal features, such as vapor distribution regions and/or liquid flow control weirs and/or baffles. In some cases, the apparatuses are used in water purification systems, such as desalination systems. The water purification systems may comprise additional devices external to the apparatuses, such as one or more heat exchangers, one or more heating devices, and/or one or more cooling devices.

Methods and systems for recovering nitrogen and alkenes (e.g. ethylene, propylene) from process gas streams, including multi-step condensing of the process gas stream, are provided herein.

A process for separating a gas and a vapor is disclosed. A cross-flow horizontal spray vessel comprising horizontally-situated sections is provided. Each of the sections comprise a spray nozzle or nozzles, and a collection hopper. A carrier gas, comprising a product vapor, is passed through the sections. A contact liquid is provided through the spray nozzle or nozzles such that the carrier gas passes across the contact liquid and a portion of the product vapor desublimates, condenses, crystallizes, or combinations thereof as a product solid into the contact liquid, leaving a product-depleted carrier gas. The contact liquid and the product solid are passed to a next preceding upstream spray nozzle or nozzles such that a temperature profile is established across the sections by the contact liquids, as the contact liquids are progressively warmer. The contact liquid and the product solid are removed. The product-depleted carrier gas is removed.

A method for preventing fouling of a demister is disclosed. A process fluid is provided into a vessel. A gas is provided to a gas inlet of the vessel. The gas comprises a component that desublimates, crystallizes, solidifies, reacts, or a combination thereof, in the process fluid, forming a first solid. The gas is passed through the process fluid, the component of the gas forming the first solid, resulting in a component-depleted gas. The component-depleted gas is passed out of the process fluid, causing splashing or spurting of the process fluid and the first solid. The diverter section is provided between the demister and the gas inlet, the diverter section comprising a physical obstruction preventing the process fluid and the first solid from splashing or spurting onto the demister. In this manner, fouling of the demister is prevented.

A method for removal of a foulant from a carrier gas is disclosed. A solids conveyance device that spans a vessel and a solids coolant system are provided. A cold solid foulant is provided to the solid inlet of the vessel. The carrier gas containing the foulant is provided to the carrier gas inlet of the vessel. The foulant condenses or desublimates onto the recycled solid foulant, forming a foulant-depleted carrier gas and a solid foulant product. The solids conveyance device passes the solid foulant product out of the vessel. The foulant-depleted carrier gas leaves the vessel. The solid foulant product is split into a final solid foulant product and a recycled solid foulant. The recycled solid foulant is cooled through the coolant system to produce the cold solid foulant. In this manner, the foulant is removed from the carrier gas.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods in which an aqueous stream comprising solubilized monovalent ions and solubilized multivalent ions is processed such that multivalent ions are selectively retained and monovalent ions are selectively removed. According to certain embodiments, an aqueous feed stream is transported through an ion-selective separator to produce a multivalent-ion-enriched stream and a monovalent-ion-enriched stream. The monovalent-ion-enriched stream may be transported through a desalination apparatus to produce a substantially pure water stream and a concentrated aqueous stream. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the multivalent-ion-enriched stream produced by the ion-selective separator is combined with at least a portion of the substantially pure water stream produced by the desalination apparatus to produce a combined product stream containing a relatively large percentage of the solubilized multivalent ions from the aqueous feed stream and a relatively small percentage of the solubilized monovalent ions from the aqueous feed stream.

A method for continuously removing water vapor from a carrier gas is disclosed. This method includes, first, causing direct contact of the carrier gas with a liquid mixture in a separation chamber, the carrier gas condensing at a lower temperature than the water vapor. A combination of chemical effects cause the water vapor to condense, complex, or both condense and complex with the liquid mixture. The liquid mixture is chosen from the group consisting of: first, a combination of components that can be maintained in a liquid phase at a temperature below the water vapor's condensation point, whereby the water vapor condenses into the liquid mixture; second, a combination of components where at least one component forms a chemical complex with the water vapor and thereby extracts at least a portion of the water vapor from the carrier gas; and third, a combination of components that can both be maintained in a liquid phase at a temperature below the water vapor's condensation point, and wherein at least one component forms a chemical complex with the water vapor and thereby extracts at least a portion of the water vapor from the carrier gas. The liquid mixture is then reconstituted after passing through the separation chamber by a chemical separation process chosen to remove an equivalent amount of the water vapor from the liquid mixture as was removed from the carrier gas. The reconstituted liquid mixture is restored to temperature and pressure through heat exchange, compression, and expansion, as necessary, in preparation for recycling back to the separation chamber. The liquid mixture is then returned to the separation chamber. In this manner, the carrier gas leaving the exchanger has between 1% and 100% of the water vapor removed.