A urea production process comprising concentrating a first urea solution in a first vacuum evaporator in an evaporation section to give a urea melt and a first vapor, and condensing the first vapor in a first condensation section, wherein the first condensation section is a chilled condensation section, and a urea production system comprising the chilled condensation section.

A water production system including a radiative cooling/heating unit comprising an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) heat spreader. The radiative cooling/heating unit lowers the temperature of the OHP heat spreader below the temperature of the ambient environment. The system additionally including a first OHP heat exchanger thermally connected to the OHP heat spreader such that the first OHP heat exchanger will acquire substantially the same temperature as the OHP heat spreader, a second OHP heat exchanger thermally connected to the OHP heat spreader such that the second OHP heat exchanger will acquire substantially the same temperature as the OHP heat spreader, and a rotatable OHP water absorption bed disposed in thermal contact with the radiative cooling/heating unit such that the OHP absorption bed will acquire substantially the same temperature as the OHP heat spreader.

Described are a high pressure carbamate condenser, urea plant, and urea production process. The high pressure carbamate condenser as described is of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger type with a tube bundle and has a redistribution chamber connected to tubes of the tube bundle and to a duct. The duct extends between the redistribution chamber and the shell.

Integrated rotary evaporator apparatuses are provided. Such rotary evaporators include a vertically oriented evaporator for evaporating a sample to form a sample evaporate, a mixing apparatus for mixing the sample in the evaporator, a condenser for condensing the evaporated sample into a condensate, a collection vessel for collecting the condensate, a vacuum pump to create a vacuum in the evaporator, and a refrigeration system integrated into the condenser, where all components are integrated into a single apparatus. Standalone large-scale chillers for cooling a liquid, vapor or other medium are also provided. Such chillers include a heat exchanger or evaporator, a condenser, a compressor, and a temperature controller, all integrated into a single standalone chiller usable with any vessel or reservoir containing liquids, vapors or other medium from which heat is to be removed. Methods of using such devices to distill, evaporate and/or cool a sample or medium are provided.

Methods, systems, and techniques for desalinating a saltwater using a humidifier unit. The humidifier unit has a housing, which has a carrier gas inlet and a saltwater inlet. The humidifier unit also includes a packing, within the housing, having a surface with a critical surface tension of less than 25 mN/m according to the Zisman method. The packing is arranged to facilitate a saltwater that enters the housing through the saltwater inlet and a carrier gas that enters the housing through the carrier gas inlet to contact each other. The contact facilitates evaporation of the saltwater, which produces salt solids on at least a surface of the packing, a humidified gas and a concentrated brine.

A sulfuric acid recirculation loop and a standalone sulfuric acid concentrator including: a concentrator column, an air lift pump having a liquid inlet fed with concentrated sulfuric acid from the outlet of a sulfuric acid reservoir downstream the concentrator column, a gas inlet fed with a carrier fluid having a lower density than the concentrated sulfuric acid, and an outlet, wherein the sulfuric acid reservoir is located below the concentrator column and above the carrier fluid inlet of the air lift pump, a downcomer pipe leading down from the sulfuric acid reservoir to the liquid inlet of the air lift pump, and a riser pipe leading up from the carrier fluid inlet on the air lift pump to an inlet pipe for the concentrator column, the inlet pipe being configured for allowing a liquid flow from the inlet to the outlet.

A system of concentrating and separating waste solvent liquid includes a distillation tower, an extracting distillation unit, an extract agent recovery unit, and a vapor permeation film unit. The scheme of centrifugal distillation is specifically employed to collocate with vapor permeation to effectively concentrate the content of isopropanol in the waste solvent liquid to generate a final produce with ultra high concentration of isopropanol, and constantly recovers the extract agent. The system is able to be quickly settled to a steady state of operation with low power consumption because the extracting distillation unit has smaller size. Since no liquid is left in the extract agent recovery unit, operation risk is greatly reduced. In addition, the input feed is almost processed, overall efficiency is thus improved. The vapor permeation film unit further removes considerably little content of water from the organic solvent to increase the content of isopropanol up to 99.9% or more.

A system of concentrating and separating waste solvent liquid includes a distillation tower, an extracting distillation unit, an extract agent recovery unit, and a vapor permeation film unit. The scheme of centrifugal distillation is specifically employed to collocate with vapor permeation to effectively concentrate the content of isopropanol in the waste solvent liquid to generate a final produce with ultra high concentration of isopropanol, and constantly recovers the extract agent. The system is able to be quickly settled to a steady state of operation with low power consumption because the extracting distillation unit has smaller size. Since no liquid is left in the extract agent recovery unit, operation risk is greatly reduced. In addition, the input feed is almost processed, overall efficiency is thus improved. The vapor permeation film unit further removes considerably little content of water from the organic solvent to increase the content of isopropanol up to 99.9% or more.

Techniques are described herein for using a high-pressure reactor to separate clean water from dirty water without filtration and to extract and concentrate contaminants from dirty water for use as a fuel. In particular, techniques and systems are described for separating water from hydrocarbon contaminates, other BTU-laden compounds, and dissolved minerals, while also boiling water and condensing the resulting steam into distilled water. In addition, system in which the described techniques are performed can be used as a high-pressure pump for moving the separated hydrocarbon contaminates forward into other processes, such as a high-pressure reactor or incinerator.

A vehicular water processing and filling system includes a vehicular processing assembly configured to obtain and transport water; a vehicular filling assembly configured to receive water from the processing assembly; and a controller configured to: identify a presence of a container operatively adjacent to the filling assembly; determine whether an RFID tag on the container is valid; and if the RFID tag is valid, activate a flow of water from the filling assembly and into the container; wherein the processing assembly, the filling assembly, and the controller are configured to be disposed in one of a first compartmental area and a second compartmental area of a vehicle.