A method for preparing a purified styrene composition is provided. The method includes providing a crude composition and subjecting the crude composition to at least one crystallization step. The crude composition contains 70% by weight or more styrene based on the total weight of the crude composition. The at least one crystallization step comprises at least one of a static crystallization stage and a dynamic crystallization stage. The crude composition contains at least one impurity selected from the group consisting of: color inducing species, oxygenates, sulfur species, alpha-methylstyrene, and mixtures thereof.

Embodiments provide methods and strictures for purification or volume reduction of a brine by an advanced vacuum distillation process (AVMD) to achieve higher flux by passage of vapors through an AVMD distillation unit. In one example, brine is circulated in a tank. The tank may include one or more membrane pouches that are submerged in the circulating brine or placed above the water level of the hot circulating brine. In other embodiments the membrane pouches are outside of the tank that includes the hot circulating brine but still in communication with it. The circulating brine is heated, allowing creation of water vapor. Using a vacuum, the water vapor is drawn through the membrane, where it may be condensed and subjected to further beneficial use. This process can concentrate to levels to generate crystals or solids, which can be separated and utilized.

A refining method according to the present invention is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including setting, as a target wavelength and a target concentration, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific concentration at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating a solution of the compound dissolved in the solvent at the target concentration with infrared radiation including the target wavelength.

A method of crystallizing α-lactose monohydrate from an aqueous solution comprising dissolved α-lactose and β-lactose, said method comprising: circulating a first volume of said aqueous solution in a mutarotation loop in a mutarotation loop system (100); said mutarotation loop system comprising a crystallization tank (110) and a mutarotation tank (130).

The present disclosure is directed to methods for treating an organic material, including the steps of transporting the organic material into a first vessel; heating the organic material in the first vessel and applying a negative pressure to the organic material in the first vessel to a boiling point of the organic material, wherein the heat and negative pressure separates a portion of an ammonia from the organic material; removing the portion of the ammonia from the first vessel; transporting the removed portion of the ammonia from the first vessel to an acid solution in a second vessel; and separating a portion of the ammonia from the acid solution.

Disclosed are processes and apparatuses for producing a crystalline product. The processes and apparatuses may extend the operational time of an evaporative crystallizer by providing an internal volume or large deposit inventory for fouling deposits to reside without impacting the unit operation.

The present invention relates to a method for separating off a substance from a solution, in which electromagnetic radiation is radiated into the solution, an intensity of the electromagnetic radiation which has been scattered by crystals located in the solution is detected, the detected intensity is compared with a desired intensity (I.sub.S) and the temperature of the solution is regulated depending on the difference between the detected intensity and the desired intensity (I.sub.S) in such a way that the amount of this difference is reduced. If the amount of the difference between the detected intensity and the desired intensity (I.sub.S) is less than a limiting value, a crystallization method is started in which crystals of the substance are obtained which are then separated off.

The present disclosure relates to processes for treating an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and sulfuric acid. The processes comprise evaporatively crystallizing the aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and sulfuric acid under conditions to obtain crystals of lithium sulfate monohydrate and a lithium sulfate-reduced solution; and optionally separating the crystals of the lithium sulfate monohydrate from the lithium sulfate-reduced solution. The processes optionally further comprise concentrating the lithium sulfate-reduced solution under conditions to obtain an acidic condensate and a concentrate comprising sulfuric acid.

A method of cannabinoid preservation includes separating a cannabinoid ethanol (EtOH) mixture from a cannabis extract through a filtration process; forming a slurry by combining a crystalline compound with the cannabinoid EtOH mixture; heating and agitating the slurry in a pressurized chamber to form a colloidal cannabinoid EtOH mixture; distributing the colloidal cannabinoid EtOH mixture into a tray to form an evenly distributed mixture layer; forming an evaporation vessel for the evenly distributed mixture layer through the attachment of a detachable cover to the tray; positioning and heating the evaporation vessel within a heating chamber; performing a rapid cools process as the evenly distributed mixture layer approaches approaches saturation temperature; repeating the rapid cooling process until crystal formation is detected within the evenly distributed mixture layer; and/or removing the evaporation vessel from the heating chamber upon detection of crystal formation.

A method includes introducing a biomass and a solvent into an extraction vessel to form a mixture, controlling process conditions to increase extraction of target cannabinoids and decrease extraction of impurities, the process conditions including at least one of temperature, solvent composition, and agitation, moving the mixture from the extraction vessel to a separation vessel through a filtration system, balancing a solvent-solute ratio of the mixture as needed, crystallizing the target cannabinoids from the mixture in the separation vessel to produce cannabinoid crystals, separating a mother liquor out of the separation vessel, recovering any residual solvent, and removing the cannabinoid crystals from the vessel.