Provided are a method by which hydrogen can be continuously and efficiently produced through a dehydrogenation reaction of a formic acid solution even at a low concentration and/or low grade, and a system therefor. This method involves a reaction step for, while supplying formic acid, catalytically degrading the formic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen to thereby continuously produce hydrogen. This method is characterized by involving an extraction step for extracting formic acid from the formic acid solution serving as the starting material with the use of carbon dioxide obtained in the reaction step, and then supplying the formic acid to the reaction step.

Certain embodiments described herein are directed to separation systems and methods effective to separate two or more solvents in a solvent mixture. In certain examples, a system effective to separate two or more azeotrope forming solvents is provided. In some embodiments, the system can be effective to remove at least about 95% of one of the solvents from the solvent mixture.

Polymorphic forms of tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride (ANAVEX2-73) and a metabolite of tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride (ANAVEX2-73) are disclosed and characterized. Compositions and method for treatment of Alzheimer's disease that includes the polymorphic forms and metabolite of tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride (ANAVEX2-73).

Technologies for providing a gas inlet and gas outlet to a compartment are described. In embodiments, the technologies include a dual channel connector unit that includes an inlet passageway and an outlet passageway. In embodiments at least a portion of the outlet passageway is disposed radially around the inlet passageway. The connector unit is configured to install into a portion (e.g., wall, bottom, top, or lid) of a compartment. Systems and methods including such connector units are also described.

The present disclosure relates, according to disclosed embodiments, to a system for extracting an organic compound from a natural source, the system comprising a computer processor operational to control the system; a storage vessel configured to store an extraction gas, the storage vessel comprising a storage vessel outlet in electrical communication with the computer processor; a valve in electrical communication with the computer processor, the valve comprising a valve inlet and a valve outlet, wherein the valve inlet connects to the storage vessel outlet; a dynamic extraction vessel; and a spray evaporation loop system configured to receive a solute from the dynamic extraction vessel, the spray evaporation loop system comprising an injection nozzle in electrical communication with the computer processor, the injection nozzle comprising an injection nozzle inlet connected to the first dynamic extraction vessel outlet; and a cyclonic separator in electrical communication with the computer processor.

A high-efficiency supercritical oil extraction method is provided. According to the method, in an early extraction stage, extraction is performed using an extractant along an extraction kettle from top to bottom; in a middle extraction stage, the extraction kettle is longitudinally flipped by 180 degrees, extraction is still performed using an extractant along the extraction kettle from top to bottom; in a later extraction stage, extraction is performed using a conventional extractant along the extraction kettle from bottom to top. Thus, the pressure effect and the critical extraction effect of the critical extractant are simultaneously exerted, thereby greatly improving the extraction efficiency of supercritical oil extraction, shortening the extraction time, and reducing the dosage of extractant, so as to achieve high-efficiency and low-cost oil extraction.

An extraction system and method of extraction are described herein. The extraction system generally includes an extraction vessel including a vessel body, an extraction solvent inlet, a material inlet, and an outlet, a collection vessel operably connected to the outlet, a dispersion devise disposed proximate the extraction solvent inlet and including a first surface and a second surface, a plurality of openings formed in the dispersion device and extending from the first surface to the second surface, whereby the plurality of openings are adapted for the flow of an extraction solvent therethough.

A supercritical water separation process and system is disclosed for the removal of metals, minerals, particulate, asphaltenes, and resins from a contaminated organic material. The present invention takes advantage of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical water to effect the desired separation of contaminants from organic materials and permit scale-up. At a temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (374 C., 22.1 MPa), nonpolar organic compounds become miscible in supercritical water (SCW) and polar compounds and asphaltenes become immiscible. The process and system disclosed continuously separates immiscible contaminants and solids from the supercritical water and clean oil product solution. The present invention creates a density gradient that enables over 95% recovery of clean oil and over 99% reduction of contaminants such as asphaltenes and particulate matter depending on the properties of the contaminated organic material.

The present disclosure relates to methodologies, systems, and devices for compressing CO.sub.2 for recycling within a CO.sub.2-based chromatography or extraction system. A bellows pump can receive CO.sub.2 in a gaseous state and can compress the CO.sub.2 into a liquid or partially liquid-vapor state using hydraulic compression. Once compressed, the liquid or liquid-vapor CO.sub.2 can be recycled within the CO.sub.2-based chromatography or extraction system.

The present disclosure relates to methodologies, systems, and devices for collecting extract in a CO.sub.2-based extraction system. A diffuser can be used, attached to one end of an extraction tube, in order to depressurize the CO.sub.2 and extract mixture as it exits the diffuser and enters the extraction collection container. A splash guard can also be attached to the extraction tube in order to block any splashing of extract while CO.sub.2 is allowed to vent from the extraction collection container.