A composition comprising: (i) 1,1-difluoroethene (vinylidene fluoride, R-1132a); (ii) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2, R-744); (iii) pentafluoroethane (R-125); and (iv) one or more of trifluoromethane (R-23) and hexafluoroethane (R-116).

An integrated approach for utilizing waste products of 2G bio-refineries to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present invention also provides a method of recycling of two waste products (2-G ethanol residue as the substrate (LRBR) and fusel oil/synthetic fusel oil (SFO) as one of the solvent) of the biorefineries in a beneficial manner to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present method of separating high purity lignin comprises fractioning extractive-free lignin rich residue with a solvent, wherein the solvent is a mixture of SFO/Fusel oil and Formic acid. An optimized ratio of waste fusel oil and formic acid gave more than >85% yields of high purity lignin.

A process for supplying deaerated water to a chemical plant that includes a distillation column for separating a reaction effluent comprising water and a product. The process includes inventorying the distillation column with aerated water (water having an oxygen content of greater than 50 ppbw, such as greater than 1 ppmw). The aerated water in the distillation column may then be distilled to produce an oxygen-containing overheads and a bottoms fraction comprising deaerated water. The deaerated water in the bottoms fraction ma be transported to an upstream or a downstream unit operation, and utilizing the deaerated water in the upstream or downstream unit operation. The reaction effluent is fed to the distillation column, transitioning the distillation column from separating oxygen from water to operations for separating the product from the water.

The present invention relates to a process for recovering acrylic acid which is obtained by catalytic gas phase oxidation of propene, wherein, in an absorption stage (K2), the acrylic acid is absorbed from the reaction mixture (1) from the gas phase oxidation with a first solvent (3) and is drawn off for distillative purification, and a gas mixture from the absorption stage (K2) is passed onward to a condensation stage, wherein, in the condensation stage, the gas mixture is condensed, and a condensed phase of the gas mixture is drawn off as acid water (4) and is subjected to a phase separation operation in a phase separation vessel (B1), comprising the steps of a) feeding the aqueous phase (4*) of the acid water (4) drawn off from the condensation stage that has been obtained in the phase separation vessel (B1) to an extraction stage (K7) in which acrylic acid present in the acid water (4) is extracted with a second solvent (5), b) feeding the acrylic acid-comprising extract (6) to a stripping column (K8) in which the acrylic acid is removed from the second solvent (5) with cycle gas (8), wherein the second solvent (5) removed is fed back again after the acrylic acid has been stripped out in the extraction stage (K7), c) feeding the acrylic acid-laden cycle gas (9) to a stripping cycle gas scrubber (K5) in which the acrylic acid is removed from the cycle gas with the first solvent stream (10) fed to the stripping gas scrubber (K5) and transferred into the first solvent (3), and d) feeding a first portion of the acrylic acid-laden first solvent (3) back to the absorption stage (K2).

The present invention further relates to a corresponding plant for recovery of acrylic acid.

An apparatus and method for extraction of oils from botanical material using high-pressure hydrocarbons such as propane, or butane, or mixtures thereof are described. A high-pressure propane or butane saturated liquid/vapor mixture formed by pressure reduction through a valve placed before an extraction column, thereby serving as an expansion port was employed. The apparatus is capable of both continuous liquid extraction or batch-style liquid operation through the use of a manifold valve, which directs the solvent liquid/vapor in the system to either a supply tank or an extraction column.

The present invention relates to a method and/or device for improving the separation behaviors and performance of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for the isolation and/or concentration of one or more target analytes from a sample. In one embodiment, the present method and device comprise ATPS components within a porous material and one or more phase separation behavior modifying agents that improve the separation behavior and performance characteristics of ATPS, including but not limited to the increasing the stability or reducing fluctuations of ATPS thought the adjustment of total volume of a sample solution that undergoes phase separation, volume ratio of the two phases of the ATPS, fluid flow rates, and concentrations of ATPS components.

The present invention relates to an integrated process that allows the production of tert-butyl ethers of glycerol, used as a high boiling point solvent (HBPS) in paint formulations (water-based) and cleaning products, or a stream of isooctenes to be used as an octane in the gasoline pool, in a simple way, just directing the flow through the areas necessary for the conversion and separation of the process and using the same equipment, aiming at gains in process yield (maximization of glycerol and isobutene conversions) and minimizing investment and operating costs. In view of this, there is a unit flexibility in producing different high added value products.

The present disclosure relates to a method of synthesizing cyclosporine derivatives. The method includes: providing a precursor fluid of the cyclosporine derivative, an alkaline fluid and a ClCH.sub.2OCOCl solution; premixing the precursor fluid and the alkaline fluid to obtain a premixed solution; feeding the premixed solution into a first reaction chamber, reacting to prepare a first reaction liquid; feeding the first reaction liquid into a second reaction chamber, reacting the first reaction liquid with a CO.sub.2 fluid to prepare a second reaction liquid; and reacting the second reaction liquid with the ClCH.sub.2OCOCl solution.

Upstream process equipment transmits a predetermined fluid to downstream process equipment. A valve fluidly couples the upstream process equipment to the downstream process equipment. A first pressure sensor and a first temperature sensor are coupled to the upstream process equipment and upstream from the valve. A second pressure sensor and a second temperature sensor are coupled to the downstream process equipment and downstream from the valve. A control system is coupled to the first pressure sensor, the first temperature sensor, the second pressure sensor, and the second temperature sensor. The control system determines a first fluid flowrate of the predetermined fluid using a fluid flow model based on pressure data from the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor, temperature data from the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor, a size of the valve, at least one fluid parameter regarding the predetermined fluid, and a valve flow coefficient of the valve.

A solvent extraction system includes an elongated solvent extraction chamber having first and second ends, at least one first port for providing a continuous phase into the solvent extraction chamber and at least one second port for removing content from the solvent extraction chamber, a dispersed phase inlet in fluid communication with the first end of the solvent extraction chamber and a membrane having pores. Diameters of the pores are from 1 to 100 μm and do not differ by more than 20%, and center-to-center distances between the pores are from 10 to 1000 μm and do not differ more than 20%. The membrane is positioned at the first end of the solvent extraction chamber relative to the dispersed phase inlet such that a liquid provided into the solvent extraction chamber through the dispersed phase inlet must pass through the membrane.