Methods and kits for isolation of cell-derived vesicles and their associated macromolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, lipids metabolites etc. from one or more blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, tear, conditioned culture media etc. to assist detection, prevention, and understanding of disease biology. The invention offers various advantages including simple technical solutions which are cost-effective, time-saving and scalable for large industrial outputs.

A system for collecting and separating biological material includes a centrifuge tube, a separation tube having an open bottom, a cap, a plug for temporarily sealing the open bottom of the separation tube, and a separation medium disposable within the centrifuge tube. The centrifuge tube and the separation tube sealingly and releasably couple to the cap, such that, when coupled, the separation tube is positioned within the centrifuge tube. The cap is configured to facilitate and/or regulate the introduction of air, gas, or other matter into the separation tube. When fully sealed, the separation tube may be placed under a vacuum condition, whereby a needle apparatus is used to facilitate introduction of matter into the separation tube. When the separation tube is positioned within the centrifuge tube, the bottom portion of the separation tube is submersed in the separation medium.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods from processing flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum feedstock and ash feedstocks, either separately or together. FGD gypsum conversion comprises reacting FGD gypsum (calcium sulfate) feedstock or phosphogypsum, in either batch or continuous mode, with ammonium carbonate reagent to produce commercial products comprising ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate. A process to separate the impurities and convert the calcium carbonate to a pure precipitated calcium carbonate is disclosed. These impurities include a concentrate of valuable Rare Earth Elements, and radioactive thorium and uranium. A process to convert calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate using oxygen and a catalyst is also disclosed. Ash conversion comprises a leach process followed by a sequential precipitation process to selectively precipitate products at predetermined pHs resulting in metal hydroxides which may be converted to oxides or carbonates. The processes may be controlled by use of one or more processors.

Methods and systems for production of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate are described. One or more embodiments of the method include producing lithium hydroxide from potassium chloride, lithium chloride, and water. One or more embodiments of the method include producing lithium carbonate from potassium chloride, lithium chloride, water, and a carbon dioxide source. One or more embodiments of the method include producing lithium carbonate from sodium chloride, lithium chloride, water, and a carbon dioxide source.

The present invention provides a method for capturing specific cells (e.g. many types of cancer cells, including cancer cells not expressing EpCAM), and a method for analysis of specific cells involving the method. Included is a method for capturing specific cells present in blood or biological fluid, the method including: agglutinating blood cells in sampled blood or biological fluid; centrifuging the resulting blood or biological fluid; and then capturing specific cells therefrom onto a hydrophilic polymer layer.

The invention relates to compositions and methods for isolating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a biological fluid sample. The compositions and methods of the invention are based on the combination of a polycation with an extracellular matrix forming polymer. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are isolated from biological fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine or cerebrospinal fluid, or from the conditioned medium of a cell culture, such as an adult stem cell culture. The use of the isolation methods and compositions of the invention results in a higher EVs recovery, enrichment in exosomes, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and in the isolation of EVs that retain their biological activities in vitro.

The present invention relates to a lectin-macromolecular carrier coupling complex for separating glycosylated exosomes from a clinical sample, which comprises a macromolecular carrier and lectins coupled to the outer side of the macromolecular carrier. The complex may simply, conveniently, rapidly, and accurately separate glycosylated exosomes from a clinical sample with a high separation efficiency and a good repeatability; and the separated exosomes are intact in morphology without rupturing or cracking, may be directly used for liquid detection of glycosylated exosomes, or directly used for immunology-related detection, or directly used for gene detection or analysis after extracting related nucleic acids from the exosomes.

A method and system is provided for treating waste generated from manufacturing operations including at least one of Printed Circuit Boards Fabrication (PCB FAB), General Metal Finishing (GMF), semiconductors manufacturing, chemical milling, and Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). The method and system are used to create zero liquid discharge recycling.

Systems and methods using: a membrane unit to treat fluids recovered from an oil and gas well are provided. The membrane unit may include a membrane having a porous substrate at. least partially coated with graphene oxide, making the membrane hydrophilic. The membrane separates water from other components within a fluid stream. The membrane unit may include an inlet to receive a fluid stream into the membrane unit. The fluid stream may be pretreated prior to reaching the membrane unit The membrane unit may also include a first outlet in fluid communication with one side of the membrane and a second outlet in fluid communication with the opposite side of the membrane.

A bio emulsion fuel manufacturing apparatus and method using vegetable oil is provided, including an oil tank unit configured to refine a vegetable oil introduced from an oil inlet by using a coagulant agent and a centrifugal decanter; a water tank unit configured to pretreat a water introduced from a water inlet by using a water tank catalyst; a first HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce nano-bubbles into the water inside the water tank; a mixed oil unit connected to the oil tank unit and the water tank unit, and configured to produce a mixed oil by using an inline mixer; an ionization catalyst unit connected to the mixed oil unit and configured to convert the mixed oil to a bio emulsion fuel by using an ionization catalyst group; and a second HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce HHO gas into the bio emulsion fuel.