A filter media pack with pleat folds, pleat panels and a plurality of glue bead sections is provided. The glue bead sections provide increased rigidity, dimensional stability and maintain spacing between adjacent pleat panels. Methods of manufacturing the filter media packs are provided. Filter elements including the filter media packs are contemplated.

The present disclosure provides an electrospinning method for fabricating a nanofiber air filter with a minimized pressure drop. The method comprises following steps:S1. dissolving a specified amount of powder polymer material in a solvent, and magnetically stirring a resulting solution; adding the solution to a syringe connected with a microneedle by a plastic tube, and pumping the solution by the syringe into an electrospinning machine;S2. allowing the electrospinning machine to work under a high voltage, such that the solution generates nanofibers; the nanofibers are interweaved to fabricate air filters for removing particles in air with a particle removal efficiency η(V.sub.m, t.sub.n) and pressure drop ΔP(V.sub.m, t.sub.n), V.sub.m is electrospinning voltage and t.sub.n is electrospinning time; andS3. finding optimal electrospinning voltage V.sub.opt and optimal electrospinning time t.sub.opt, such that an air filter fabricated by V.sub.opt and t.sub.opt can achieve target particle removal efficiency η.sub.tar and minimized pressure drop ΔP.sub.min.

The present disclosure relates to a method for making a ceramic mini-tube configured for use in a fluid modification system. The method involves using an electrospinning system to receive a quantity of precursor solution. The electrospinning system creates an electric field which causes the precursor solution, when emitted, to be stretched into a fiber jet. The fiber jet is deposited on a collector resulting in a fiber mat. The fiber mat is removed from the collector, wherein the fiber mat is formed into a shape. The fiber mat is further processed so that the fiber mat retains a desired shape. A heat treatment operation is then performed to convert the fiber mat into a ceramic structure having the desired shape.

The present disclosure relates to a modular fluid modification system having an outer container configured to permit a fluid flow there into at a first location, and to allow the fluid flow to exit the container at a second location spaced apart from the first location. A plurality of fluid contacting elements is housed in the outer container. The fluid contacting elements each form an independent filtering or reactor element. Each fluid contacting element includes a plurality of openings formed in a grid or lattice-like pattern.

The present disclosure relates to a fluid modification system having a container structure and a plurality of independent, ceramic elements. The ceramic elements may be arranged in random orientations and contained in the container structure, thus causing a fluid flow entering the container structure at any given cross-section location to flow over the surfaces of a first subplurality of the ceramic elements, and through the porous walls of a second subplurality of the ceramic elements, before exiting at a second location of the container structure. Each one of the ceramic elements has at least one of a nanofibrous or nanoporous microstructure to enable internal flow both through a wall structure thereof, and over and around the wall structure to affect performance.

A fluid filtration system is shown. The fluid filtration system utilizes a one-piece or multiple piece containers having a plurality of radiation-transmissible media adapted to receive light, such as ultraviolet light, white light or other wavelength light. The radiation-transmissible media are situated in the container and at least one or a plurality of radiation sources, such as ultraviolet lamps, are situated in an array in proximity to the radiation-transmissible media. The radiation-transmissible media interrupts the flow and velocity of the fluid stream passing through the container to extend the duration of radiation for any contaminants and also provide enlarged surface areas for the contaminants to be received and ultimately exposed to the radiation. In one example, the radiation-transmissible media may be tubular or spherical sections that are hollow or solid and made of quartz.

The present invention relates to a cabin filter unit, and may comprise: a HEPA filter; and carbon block filters placed at the rear end of the HEPA filter, wherein each of the carbon block filters has a structure which has multiple perforations formed and distributed throughout the entire area thereof for the flow of air, and is formed to satisfy the perforation ratio of 30-50% with reference to 07-10, two or more carbon block filters being stacked, and disposed to be in close contact with each other or spaced apart from each other.

A filter may remove PM.sub.2.5 and/or other airborne pollutants, which filter has fibers of an average diameter of no more than 500 nm, the fibers of at least 90 wt. % polyacrylonitrile, relative to all fibers in the filter; and a catalyst of at least 90 wt. % TiO.sub.2, relative to all catalytic metals in the filter, dispersed onto the fibers. The fibers need not be charged. The TiO.sub.2 may be condensed or precipitated onto the fibers out of a liquid containing the TiO.sub.2 and the fibers by simple methods. The catalyst may be activated by UV irradiation to decompose particulate matter having an average particle size of 2.5 μm or less, i.e., PM.sub.2.5, and/or other airborne pollutants from air. Such filters may be implemented around areas of vehicle traffic, e.g., as elements of traffic lights, and may be used to controllably purify polluted air.

A breathing mask for being worn on the face includes a filtration mechanism configured to filter out particles having a diameter larger than a first predetermined value; a connecting mechanism; and a removable nano-porous hydrophobic membrane configured to be removably attached to the filtration mechanism with the connecting mechanism. The nano-porous membrane is configured to filter out particles having a diameter larger than a second predetermined value, which is different from the first predetermined value.

Disclosed are improved polymer materials. Also disclosed are fine fiber materials that can be made from the improved polymeric materials in the form of microfiber and nanofiber structures. The microfiber and nanofiber structures can be used in a variety of useful applications including the formation of filter materials.