Methods and systems for the separation of isotopes from an aqueous stream are described as can be utilized in one embodiment to remove and recover tritium from contaminated water. Methods include counter-current flow of an aqueous stream on either side of a separation membrane. The separation membrane includes an isotope selective layer (e.g., graphene) and an ion conductive supporting layer (e.g., Nafion). An electronic driving force encourages passage of isotopes selectively across the membrane to enrich the flow in the isotopes.

Methods and systems for the separation of isotopes from an aqueous stream are described as can be utilized in one embodiment to remove and recover tritium from contaminated water. Methods include counter-current flow of an aqueous stream on either side of a separation membrane. The separation membrane includes an isotope selective layer (e.g., graphene) and an ion conductive supporting layer (e.g., Nafion). An electronic driving force encourages passage of isotopes selectively across the membrane to enrich the flow in the isotopes.

The invention relates to isotope separation methods, and methods for separating isotopes with low energy consumption, demonstrated using hydrogen isotopes. Also described are methods for enriching or depleting the isotope present in the hydrogen gas/vapour feed e.g. for tritium removal, tritium enrichment and deuterium enrichment, by arranging a series of cells in a cascaded configuration.

The invention relates to isotope separation methods, and methods for separating isotopes with low energy consumption, demonstrated using hydrogen isotopes. Also described are methods for enriching or depleting the isotope present in the hydrogen gas/vapour feed e.g. for tritium removal, tritium enrichment and deuterium enrichment, by arranging a series of cells in a cascaded configuration.

An object of the present invention is to provide a separation system and a separation method that can separate deuterium from a fluid containing light hydrogen and deuterium with high separation efficiency while suppressing equipment deterioration. The present invention provides a separation system including a plurality of separation devices connected in series; each of the plurality of separation devices includes an electrolyte membrane to which an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer are provided; a first inflow passage through which a first fluid containing light hydrogen and deuterium flows in, and a first outflow passage through which a second fluid having a lower deuterium content than that of the first fluid flows out are connected to an anode flow passage, a second inflow passage through which a third fluid flows into and a second outflow passage through which a fourth fluid containing light water and heavy water flows out are connected to a cathode flow passage; at least a separation device provided at the most upstream side among the plurality of separation devices is a first separation device into which a gas containing water vapor flows as a third fluid, and from which the third fluid and deuterium that has moved from the anode catalyst layer into the cathode catalyst layer are discharged as the fourth fluid.

An object of the present invention is to provide a separation system and a separation method that can separate deuterium from a fluid containing light hydrogen and deuterium with high separation efficiency while suppressing equipment deterioration. The present invention provides a separation system including a plurality of separation devices connected in series; each of the plurality of separation devices includes an electrolyte membrane to which an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer are provided; a first inflow passage through which a first fluid containing light hydrogen and deuterium flows in, and a first outflow passage through which a second fluid having a lower deuterium content than that of the first fluid flows out are connected to an anode flow passage, a second inflow passage through which a third fluid flows into and a second outflow passage through which a fourth fluid containing light water and heavy water flows out are connected to a cathode flow passage; at least a separation device provided at the most upstream side among the plurality of separation devices is a first separation device into which a gas containing water vapor flows as a third fluid, and from which the third fluid and deuterium that has moved from the anode catalyst layer into the cathode catalyst layer are discharged as the fourth fluid.

A uniform external field can enhance condensation on a superhydrophobic surface. Jumping droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces accumulate a positive charge which promises the manipulation and control of jumping behavior using external electric fields.

A lithium isotope enrichment device according to the present invention is provided with a processing tank which is partitioned into a supply chamber and a recovery chamber by an electrolyte membrane that has lithium ion conductivity; and a main power supply, which is connected between electrodes that are provided on both surface of the electrolyte membrane, and a sub power supply, which is connected between the electrode and a sub electrode that is provided in the supply chamber and apart from the electrolyte membrane, alternately apply a voltage.

A lithium isotope enrichment device according to the present invention is provided with a processing tank which is partitioned into a supply chamber and a recovery chamber by an electrolyte membrane that has lithium ion conductivity; and a main power supply, which is connected between electrodes that are provided on both surface of the electrolyte membrane, and a sub power supply, which is connected between the electrode and a sub electrode that is provided in the supply chamber and apart from the electrolyte membrane, alternately apply a voltage.

The combined capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry apparatus has a circuit to handle excess current allows separations under a wide range of electrophoretic conditions. The apparatus includes an electrospray with an emitter and an electrospray interface connected with a separation capillary configured to transport a sample with an injection end and a distal end. The injection end of the separation capillary is inserted into a reservoir containing a background electrolyte and the distal end is threaded within the electrospray interface and sized and shaped to mate with the electrospray interface. A power supply is electrically connected to the injection end and an amplifier at least one first diode positioned between the amplifier and the distal end allows current to flow to the distal end only. A second diode positioned between the distal end and a ground configured to allow current flow to the ground.