A desalination system includes a feed pump having an inlet side and an outlet side. In addition, the system includes a first RO stage having an inlet, RO permeate outlet and RO concentrate outlet. Further, the system includes a second RO stage having an inlet, RO permeate outlet and RO concentrate outlet and an NF stage having an inlet, NF permeate outlet and an NF concentrate outlet. The system also includes a set of conduits adapted to connect: (a) the outlet side of the feed pump to the inlet of the first RO stage; (b) the concentrate outlet of the first RO stage to (i) the inlet of the second RO stage and to the inlet of the NF stage; and (c) the permeate outlet of the first RO stage, the permeate outlet of the second RO stage and the permeate outlet of the NF stage either directly or indirectly to a low salinity water injection line.

A nanobiocatalytic membrane for a filtration system is provided which includes a filtration membrane and a plurality of nanobiocatalyst nanoparticles associated with the membrane, each of the nanobiocatalyst nanoparticles including a core, a coating at least partially surrounding the core, and a plurality of nanobiocatalysts coupled to the coating. Each of the plurality of nanobiocatalysts includes an antibacterial nanoparticle comprising bismuth, and a quorum quenching agent coupled to the antibacterial nanoparticle. A nanobiocatalyst nanoparticle for use with a water purification system is also provided. A method of forming a nanobiocatalytic membrane for a filtration system and a method of using a nanobiocatalytic membrane in a filtration system are also provided.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for systems for removing contaminants from a leachate, methods of removing contaminants from a leachate, and the like.

A method of removing chemical contaminants from a composition comprising an active, a solvent, and a contaminant can include providing an initial feed supply, wherein the initial feed supply comprises the active, the solvent, and the contaminant, wherein the contaminant can include 1,4 dioxane, dimethyl dioxane, or a combination thereof; including filtering the initial feed stock through a nanofilter and using reverse osmosis.

The present invention relates to a method for recovering a rare metal salt, the method including: an acid treatment step of obtaining a rare metal-containing acidic aqueous solution by bringing a material including a monovalent rare metal and a polyvalent rare metal into contact with an acidic aqueous solution; a separation step of obtaining permeated water including the monovalent rare metal and non-permeated water including the polyvalent rare metal from the rare metal-containing acidic aqueous solution by using a nanofiltration membrane satisfying the condition (1); and a concentration step of obtaining non-permeated water having a higher concentration of the monovalent rare metal and permeated water having a lower concentration of the monovalent rare metal than that of the permeated water in the separation step, by using a reverse osmosis membrane.

An example water purification system for purifying high concentration feed solutions includes a high rejection forward osmosis module, one or more low rejection modules, and a high rejection reverse osmosis module. The low rejection modules may have different rejection levels. The system may be pressurized by one or more pumps. One or more of the low rejection modules may include one or more nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The draw solution may comprise a monovalent salt, a multivalent salt, or a combination of both.

Methods and systems are provided herein utilizing a membrane cascade to separate a hydrocarbon feed into boiling point fractions. Also provided herein are methods for selecting membranes for said cascades to achieve the desired boiling point fraction separation.

A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater. The method includes the steps of: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a phosphate compound from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the phosphate compound; and (c) polishing the wastewater. A silica removal step may be optionally performed after step (a) and before step (b).

Methods of recovering lithium from a lithium source or a lithium-containing material using low pH solutions and membrane technologies to purify and concentrate the recovered lithium. The lithium sources may include a spent lithium-ion battery/cell, a lithium-containing mineral deposit, or other lithium containing materials. The processes described herein recovery the lithium after digestion of the lithium-containing material with a low pH solution through one or more acid-stable, semipermeable membranes.

Conventional oil-water separation methods are inefficient since they break down a given primary phase into two secondary phases, one is richer and the other one is poorer in the secondary phase of the primary phase. As such, neither oil is recovered as a readily de-watered stream nor is water recovered as a readily de-oiled stream. However, de-watering and de-oiling of oil-water streams are synonymous, and therefore they should be simultaneously targeted by an efficient method. There are provided herein systems and methods to effectively treat oil-water streams by simultaneously de-watering the oil phase and de-oiling the water phase, de-scaling the de-oiled water phase, and de-salting the de-scaled water phase.