Methods for converting cow's milk into a low pH, ready to drink yogurt product having the compositional attributes of human milk include combinations of ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and diafiltration using microfiltration membranes, followed by heat treatment and fermentation.

An example water purification system for purifying high concentration feed solutions includes a high rejection forward osmosis module, one or more low rejection modules, and a high rejection reverse osmosis module. The low rejection modules may have different rejection levels. The system may be pressurized by one or more pumps. One or more of the low rejection modules may include one or more nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The draw solution may comprise a monovalent salt, a multivalent salt, or a combination of both.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for systems for removing contaminants from a leachate, methods of removing contaminants from a leachate, and the like.

A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater. The method includes the steps on (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a phosphate compound from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the phosphate compound; and (c) polishing the wastewater. A silica removal step may be optionally performed after step (a) and before step (b).

Systems and methods for reducing at least one of magnesium, calcium and/or sulfate from sodium chloride brine are described. Systems and methods include nanofiltrating seawater to reduce calcium, magnesium, and sulfate therein. Systems and methods also include introducing permeate from the nanofiltration step as a feed to reverse osmosis (RO) followed by a progressive nanofiltration array. Systems and methods also include feeding the lower salinity permeate from the introducing permeate step to another RO system. Systems and methods also include feeding retentate from the feeding step to a progressive nanofiltration system that concentrates the brine to an appropriate salinity.

A desalination system includes a desalination platform, a first skid disposed on a first deck of the desalination platform, the first skid including at least one of a first filtration unit configured to produce a first filtrate stream, and a first permeate unit configured to produce a first permeate stream, a first interconnecting pipework coupled to the first skid, and a first pipework support disposed on the first deck, wherein the first interconnecting pipework is disposed on the first pipework support.

An aqueous solution flows through a desalination system that separates the aqueous solution into purified water and concentrated brine. The concentrated brine is directed into an electrodialysis system that includes an anode and a cathode and at least two monovalent selective ion exchange membranes between the anode and the cathode. At least one of the monovalent selective ion exchange membranes separates at least one diluate channel from at least one concentrate channel in the electrodialysis system, and this membrane selectively allows at least one monovalent ion to pass through the membrane while blocking or inhibiting the transport therethrough of multi-valent ions. The concentrated brine flows through at least the concentrate channel while a voltage is applied to the anode and cathode; and additional aqueous solution flows through the diluate channel.

Disclosed is a process for carrying out a cyclization reaction, a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showing substrate inhibition, an enzymatic reaction showing product inhibition, a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or of a reactant, the process comprising the steps of a) diluting a fresh substrate with solvent to form a diluted substrate-solvent mixture, and supplying this mixture to a reactor, b) causing the reaction medium in the reactor to react, c) discharging reaction mixture comprising reaction product, solvent, and substrate that has not reacted, to a first filtration membrane which is permeable to the solvent and impermeable to the substrate and to the catalyst or at least one of the reactants, d) returning solvent from the permeate side of the first membrane to dilute the fresh substrate, and e) returning retentate comprising substrate which has not reacted, from the first filtration membrane to the reactor.

The present invention relates to a method for treating an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and containing precipitation-inhibiting products, said process comprising the following successive steps:

a) providing an aqueous liquid effluent supersaturated with CaCO.sub.3 and containing precipitation-inhibiting products;
b) having the effluent obtained in step a) pass into a reactor with high solid content with a solid content maintained between 20 and 800 g/l and integrated solid-liquid separation, at a pH comprised between 8 and 9.2 allowing in a single step precipitation in situ of the aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate and removal of the precipitation-inhibiting products;
c) recovering an aqueous liquid supernatant containing a suspended solids content of less than or equal to 0.1% by mass of the solid content in the reactor, advantageously a suspended solids content of less than 50 mg/l, the precipitation-inhibiting products being phosphonates.

Methods of recovering lithium from a lithium source or a lithium-containing material using low pH solutions and membrane technologies to purify and concentrate the recovered lithium. The lithium sources may include a spent lithium-ion battery/cell, a lithium-containing mineral deposit, or other lithium containing materials. The processes described herein recovery the lithium after digestion of the lithium-containing material with a low pH solution through one or more acid-stable, semipermeable membranes.