A dual-purpose household water purifier includes a main unit and an expansion unit which can be detachably connected. When the main unit is connected with the expansion unit, a booster pump can pressurize tap water entering a filter assembly. In the dual-purpose household water purifier, the main unit can be used as a non-electric drive water purifier. After the tap water enters the filter assembly and is filtered. The purified water flows into the purified water chamber of the pressure bucket, and the user takes the purified water. It is further provided an expansion unit. When the main unit is connected to the expansion unit, the booster pump can pressurize the pipeline, reducing application environmental restrictions on the water purifier. Through arrangement of the expansion unit, the water purifier can be operated in two operation modes of non-electric drive mode and electric drive mode.

A filtering time control method includes testing water quality to obtain a water quality status value, determining whether a current filtration meets requirements. Based on whether the current filtration meets the requirements, setting a duration of the next filtering based on the current filtration duration. Adaptive adjustment of the duration of filtration may ensure a filtering effect while saving water resources.

A filtering time control method includes testing water quality to obtain a water quality status value, determining whether a current filtration meets requirements. Based on whether the current filtration meets the requirements, setting a duration of the next filtering based on the current filtration duration. Adaptive adjustment of the duration of filtration may ensure a filtering effect while saving water resources.

Provided are apparatus and method for controlling total dissolved solids, and water treatment apparatus including apparatus for controlling total dissolved solids. The total dissolved solid controlling apparatus includes, a filtering unit including a deionizing filter removing dissolved solids from inflow raw water by an input current and, a control unit controlling the input current such that water discharged from the deionizing filter corresponds to target total dissolved solids.

Provided are apparatus and method for controlling total dissolved solids, and water treatment apparatus including apparatus for controlling total dissolved solids. The total dissolved solid controlling apparatus includes, a filtering unit including a deionizing filter removing dissolved solids from inflow raw water by an input current and, a control unit controlling the input current such that water discharged from the deionizing filter corresponds to target total dissolved solids.

Disclosed is a water treatment apparatus which can extract clean water by means of the pressure of raw water. The disclosed water treatment apparatus comprises: a filter part which filters raw water; a storage part which stores clean water filtered by passing through at least a part of the filter part, the storage part having a first chamber and a second chamber of which the volume changes according to a change in the volume of the first chamber; an extraction part which is installed so as to provide the filtered clean water to a user; and an air supply part which is installed on a flow path connected to the storage part in order to supply air to either one of the first chamber or the second chamber of the storage part.

Reactor/separator elements for performing the generation and/or separation of hydrogen gas with improved efficiency have a central core and a separation layer that, in combination, define at least one spiral gas flow channel extending from one end of the central core to the opposite end of the central core. In use, the reactor/separator element may be placed in a housing which constrains gas on the outside of the reactor/separator element into the spiral channel defined by the outside of the separation layer.

Some embodiments provide a water filtration system that is fluidly coupled to a water feed line and/or a water supply line and is designed to filter contaminates from the water supply. The water filtration system includes an outer housing, a front cover, a rear cover, a pump, a reverse osmosis (RO) element, a pre-filter cartridge, a post-filter cartridge, a permeate flush tank, a RO manifold, and a sensor manifold. The water filtration system further includes a pump and at least one solenoid. When assembled, a RO housing, a pre-filter housing, and a post-filter housing surround the RO element, the pre-filter cartridge, and the post-filter cartridge, respectively. The filter cartridges hold replaceable filtration media in an interior cavity and contaminants and other impurities are removed as water flows through the filtration media of the filter cartridges.

Some embodiments provide a water filtration system that is fluidly coupled to a water feed line and/or a water supply line and is designed to filter contaminates from the water supply. The water filtration system includes an outer housing, a front cover, a rear cover, a pump, a reverse osmosis (RO) element, a pre-filter cartridge, a post-filter cartridge, a permeate flush tank, a RO manifold, and a sensor manifold. The water filtration system further includes a pump and at least one solenoid. When assembled, a RO housing, a pre-filter housing, and a post-filter housing surround the RO element, the pre-filter cartridge, and the post-filter cartridge, respectively. The filter cartridges hold replaceable filtration media in an interior cavity and contaminants and other impurities are removed as water flows through the filtration media of the filter cartridges.

Methods of detecting, quantifying and/or characterizing the fouling of a device from a combination of pressure and spectroscopic data are provided. The device can be any device containing components susceptible to fouling. Components can include membranes, pipes, or reactors. Suitable devices include membrane devices, heat exchangers, and chemical or bio-reactors. Membrane devices can include, for example, microfiltration devices, ultrafiltration devices, nanofiltration devices, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, electro-deionisation or membrane distillation devices. The methods can be applied to any type of membrane, including tubular, spiral, hollow fiber, flat sheet, and capillary membranes. The spectroscopic characterization can include measuring one or more of the absorption, fluorescence, or raman spectroscopic data of one or more foulants. The methods can allow for the early detection and/or characterization of fouling. The characterization can include determining the specific foulant(s) or type of foulant(s) present. The characterization of fouling can allow for the selection of an appropriate de-fouling method and timing.