The present invention relates to a method of controlling a fresh-water production apparatus for treating a raw water in stages by N-stage (N is a natural number of 2 or larger) water treatment methods, the method including: a filtration-characteristic prediction step; a filtration-characteristic deviation assessment step; a filtration-characteristic deviation assessment step; a cyclic prediction calculation step; a control condition recording step; a cyclic prediction calculation step; and a control condition recording step, in which the fresh-water production apparatus is controlled on the basis of the control condition recording step for the (n−1)-th stage water treatment method and the control condition recording step for the n-th stage water treatment method.

Citric acid is purified to remove metal ions through a two-step filtration process. A first filter is used to perform a first filtration, then a second filter is used to perform a second filtration on citric acid solution that has been subject to the first filtration. The first and second filters can include the same filter membrane material. The filter used as the first filter can be a relatively dirtier, more loaded filter compared to the filter used as the second filter. The first filtration can be performed over four hours of recirculating the citric acid solution through the first filter, and the second filtration can be performed over approximately two and one half hours of recirculating the citric acid solution through the second filter. Such a purification process can remove calcium and magnesium ions to render citric acid suitable as a cleaning solution in semiconductor processing.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for improving the manufacturing of silk solutions and powders containing silk fibroin obtained from silkworm cocoons. The solutions and powders can be used to improve the post-harvest preservation of perishables and to improve the performance of packaging, including biodegradable packaging.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for improving the manufacturing of silk solutions and powders containing silk fibroin obtained from silkworm cocoons. The solutions and powders can be used to improve the post-harvest preservation of perishables and to improve the performance of packaging, including biodegradable packaging.

Methods for controlling a spinning membrane separator so as to limit fouling of the membrane by changing the rotation rate of the spinning membrane in response to the fouling rate, while maintaining a constant outlet cellular concentration. Increasing the spinner rotation rate will increase the strength of the Taylor vortices generated within the separator by the spinning of the membrane, which should reduce fouling of the membrane. The goal of the method is to rotate the spinning membrane at the slowest rate possible without unacceptable fouling. Two specific methods to control fouling are disclosed. In a first, unidirectional method, the spin rate of the membrane is only increased in response to undesirable fouling in order to prevent the fouling from continuing. In a second, bidirectional method, the spin rate of the membrane may be either increased or decreased in response to the measured fouling rate in order to maintain the fouling rate within a desired range.

A method of removing carbon dioxide from a carbonate-containing diaminoalkane solution, the method including passing the carbonate-containing diaminoalkane solution through a membrane module, and a method of preparing diaminoalkane including the same.

A method of removing carbon dioxide from a carbonate-containing diaminoalkane solution, the method including passing the carbonate-containing diaminoalkane solution through a membrane module, and a method of preparing diaminoalkane including the same.

Disclosed is a filtering method for isolating a substance from a sample. The method includes: providing a filter module having a sample inlet, a sample outlet, and a filter covering the sample outlet; introducing, via a sample inlet a first quantity of the sample into the filter module; conducting the sample from the sample inlet through the filter and the sample outlet by applying a pressure difference between a side of the filter facing the sample inlet and a side of the filter facing away from the sample inlet; measuring the pressure difference and/or a volumetric flow through the filter; comparing the measurement values to a predefined reference value; and ending the method if successively detected measurement values lie within a predefined range of values around the reference value. Disclosed also is a device with which the method can be carried out.

An outlet (3) for fluid feed of a first membrane module (1a) is connected to a fluid inlet (2) of a second membrane module (1b), and if further membrane module(s) is/are present, the outlet (3) for fluid feed of a previous membrane module (n−1) is connected to the fluid inlet (2) of a following membrane module (n), and for the last membrane module (n), the outlet (3) for fluid feed is connected to the fluid inlet (2) for fluid feed of the first membrane module (1a). An amount of fluid feed is continuously pumped with pressure PB through a loop of n membrane modules that are serially connected, the fluid feed and permeate flow concurrently through each of the n membrane module(s), generated permeate is continuously drained from each membrane module through a permeate outlet, permeate pressure at the permeate outlet of each membrane module is controlled within a range.

An outlet (3) for fluid feed of a first membrane module (1a) is connected to a fluid inlet (2) of a second membrane module (1b), and if further membrane module(s) is/are present, the outlet (3) for fluid feed of a previous membrane module (n−1) is connected to the fluid inlet (2) of a following membrane module (n), and for the last membrane module (n), the outlet (3) for fluid feed is connected to the fluid inlet (2) for fluid feed of the first membrane module (1a). An amount of fluid feed is continuously pumped with pressure PB through a loop of n membrane modules that are serially connected, the fluid feed and permeate flow concurrently through each of the n membrane module(s), generated permeate is continuously drained from each membrane module through a permeate outlet, permeate pressure at the permeate outlet of each membrane module is controlled within a range.