To enhance diffusive mass transfer of small molecules and convective clearance of middle molecules, the present invention provides a cylindrical hemodialyzer which comprises a blood compartment having a packed bundle of hollow fibers in a doughnut configuration on a radial cross-section, and a motorized dialysate compartment comprising a dialysate inlet motor having an external stator and an internal rotor connected to an axial spiral flow converter slidably inserted in a center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers. The cylindrical hemodialyzer is configured to recirculate dialysate across the packed bundle of the hollow fibers propelled by the dialysate inlet motor. A dialysate outlet motor of the motorized dialysate compartment having an external stator and an internal rotor is configured to drain the dialysate and to control ultrafiltration by said cylindrical hemodialyzer.

To enhance diffusive mass transfer of solutes, the present hemodialyzer in a cylindrical configuration for hemodialysis comprises a blood compartment having a packed bundle of hollow fibers in a reversibly distensible doughnut configuration on a radial cross-section, and a dialysate compartment having an axial spiral flow converter slidably inserted in a center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers and an outer circumferential space encircling an outer circumferential layer of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers. The axial spiral flow converter is configured to convert an axial dialysate flow to a centrifugal dialysate flow radially spreading from the center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers to the outer circumferential space of the hemodialyzer.

Two-dimensional materials, particularly graphene-based materials, having a plurality of apertures thereon can be formed into enclosures for various substances and introduced to an environment, particularly a biological environment (in vivo or in vitro). One or more selected substances can be released into the environment, one or more selected substances from the environment can enter the enclosure, one or more selected substances from the environment can be prevented from entering the enclosure, one or more selected substances can be retained within the enclosure, or combinations thereof. The enclosure can for example allow a sense-response paradigm to be realized. The enclosure can for example provide immunoisolation for materials, such as living cells, retained therein.

Two-dimensional materials, particularly graphene-based materials, having a plurality of apertures thereon can be formed into enclosures for various substances and introduced to an environment, particularly a biological environment (in vivo or in vitro). One or more selected substances can be released into the environment, one or more selected substances from the environment can enter the enclosure, one or more selected substances from the environment can be prevented from entering the enclosure, one or more selected substances can be retained within the enclosure, or combinations thereof. The enclosure can for example allow a sense-response paradigm to be realized. The enclosure can for example provide immunoisolation for materials, such as living cells, retained therein.

An extracorporeal blood treatment machine for carrying out a blood treatment including a machine front on which a hollow fiber filter module is arranged in a horizontal position, which hollow fiber filter module includes a cylindrical housing, a blood chamber having a blood inlet nozzle and a blood outlet nozzle and a solution chamber having a solution inlet nozzle extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber filter module and a solution outlet nozzle extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber filter module, the solution chamber being semi-permeably communicated at least in portions with the blood chamber, wherein a height potential is present in the horizontal position between the solution inlet nozzle and the solution outlet nozzle so that drainage of solution is enabled via one of the solution nozzles and evacuation of air bubbles is enabled via an other of the solution nozzles.

An extracorporeal blood treatment machine for carrying out a blood treatment including a machine front on which a hollow fiber filter module is arranged in a horizontal position, which hollow fiber filter module includes a cylindrical housing, a blood chamber having a blood inlet nozzle and a blood outlet nozzle and a solution chamber having a solution inlet nozzle extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber filter module and a solution outlet nozzle extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber filter module, the solution chamber being semi-permeably communicated at least in portions with the blood chamber, wherein a height potential is present in the horizontal position between the solution inlet nozzle and the solution outlet nozzle so that drainage of solution is enabled via one of the solution nozzles and evacuation of air bubbles is enabled via an other of the solution nozzles.

An implantable or wearable kidney enclosure that is cylindrical, ovoid, or otherwise non-angular e.g., not rectangular or cuboid), having a circular or oval hemofilter that provides a blood flow pattern from an internal, central artery source radially outwards. Due to the efficient flow of the circular filter design, the enclosure can be made in a cylindrical low profile shape, resulting in a compact enclosure highly suitable for implantable and wearable dialysis applications.

To enhance diffusive mass transfer of solutes, the present hemodialyzer in a cylindrical configuration for hemodialysis comprises a blood compartment having a packed bundle of hollow fibers in a reversibly distensible doughnut configuration on a radial cross-section, and a dialysate compartment having an axial spiral flow converter slidably inserted in a center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers and an outer circumferential space encircling an outer circumferential layer of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers. The axial spiral flow converter is configured to convert an axial dialysate flow to a centrifugal dialysate flow radially spreading from the center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers to the outer circumferential space of the hemodialyzer.

The present invention provides a hemodiafiltrator comprising two compartmentalized dialysate chambers coaxially arranged in tandem. A single packed bundle of hollow fibers for blood flow is enclosed coaxially along a longitudinal axis inside the dual dialysate chambers. A configuration of a tandem arrangement of the dual dialysate chambers at least comprises a first dialysate chamber for an acidic dialysate with a varying level of urea and a second compartmentalized dialysate chamber for a basic dialysate with no urea but with a level of ammonia up to a level detected in normal human blood.

The present invention is directed to a method of producing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The method includes subjecting a reaction mixture with an API precursor to solvent extraction to produce a reactant stream with the API precursor. The method includes concentrating the API precursor in the reactant stream using at least one membrane. The method includes carrying out a reaction in a membrane reactor. The method includes separating the API precursor from the reaction stream using a separator. The method includes crystallizing the API precursor using a crystallizer to produce APIs.