A controlled and closed agricultural system includes a growing space and an air handling system having an enthalpy wheel and cooling coil. The enthalpy wheel is capable of transferring sensible and latent heat and is positioned in and rotatable through a recirculating air duct and an outside air duct. The recirculating air duct is in fluid connection with the growing space and one or more recirculation fans, while the outside air duct is in fluid connection with one or more outside air fans positioned to cause outside air to flow countercurrent to recirculating air. A cooling coil is positioned within the recirculating air duct, downstream of and in series with the enthalpy wheel. The cooling coil circulates a heat transfer fluid to remove additional heat from the recirculating air.

A controlled and closed agricultural system includes a growing space and an air handling system having an enthalpy wheel and cooling coil. The enthalpy wheel is capable of transferring sensible and latent heat and is positioned in and rotatable through a recirculating air duct and an outside air duct. The recirculating air duct is in fluid connection with the growing space and one or more recirculation fans, while the outside air duct is in fluid connection with one or more outside air fans positioned to cause outside air to flow countercurrent to recirculating air. A cooling coil is positioned within the recirculating air duct, downstream of and in series with the enthalpy wheel. The cooling coil circulates a heat transfer fluid to remove additional heat from the recirculating air.

Vertical growing uses a plurality of shelves to support plants. The system has an air filtration and ultraviolet (UV) air purification system. The purified and filtered air is mixed with nitrogen, which is directed towards plants. The system can include lights to help grow the plants placed on the shelves. The filters can remove odors from the circulating air.

Vertical growing uses a plurality of shelves to support plants. The system has an air filtration and ultraviolet (UV) air purification system. The purified and filtered air is mixed with nitrogen, which is directed towards plants. The system can include lights to help grow the plants placed on the shelves. The filters can remove odors from the circulating air.

Variable-scale, modular, easily manufacturable, energy efficient, reliable, and computer-operated farming superstructure systems (FSS) may be used to produce Cannabis for human consumption with minimal water and environmental impact. A FSS system may comprise modules including liquid distribution and plant growing. A FSS may be configured to be constructed out of a plurality of containerized modules.

Variable-scale, modular, easily manufacturable, energy efficient, reliable, and computer-operated farming superstructure systems (FSS) may be used to produce Cannabis for human consumption with minimal water and environmental impact. A FSS system may comprise modules including liquid distribution and plant growing. A FSS may be configured to be constructed out of a plurality of containerized modules.

A system, comprising a Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), a microalgae cultivation module, and a feedback module is used to sustainably boost CO2 fixation for growing micro-algae. The TBR comprises a packing material in the form of non-porous particles with a high surface-to-volume ratio, forming a substrate for attachment of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) producing microbes, fed with CO2 (and/or CO), H2, nutrients, and a moistening liquid. The TBR output is fed to the microalgae cultivation module which uses micro-algae selected or adapted for increased productivity in the presence of VFAs. No CO2 needs to be fed to the microalgae cultivation module. At least part of the output of the microalgae cultivation module is fed by the feedback module back to the TBR either as a source of nutrients or for as a means backflushing for unclogging or expulsing the packing material from the TBR for cleaning/disinfection. The overall CO2 balance of the system operation is negative.

A system, comprising a Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), a microalgae cultivation module, and a feedback module is used to sustainably boost CO2 fixation for growing micro-algae. The TBR comprises a packing material in the form of non-porous particles with a high surface-to-volume ratio, forming a substrate for attachment of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) producing microbes, fed with CO2 (and/or CO), H2, nutrients, and a moistening liquid. The TBR output is fed to the microalgae cultivation module which uses micro-algae selected or adapted for increased productivity in the presence of VFAs. No CO2 needs to be fed to the microalgae cultivation module. At least part of the output of the microalgae cultivation module is fed by the feedback module back to the TBR either as a source of nutrients or for as a means backflushing for unclogging or expulsing the packing material from the TBR for cleaning/disinfection. The overall CO2 balance of the system operation is negative.

A system for applying CO.sub.2 gas to improve Cannabis production. A multistage system is disclosed including upstream, midstream, and downstream stages or subsystems. The upstream subsystem receives and stores gas, particularly CO2 gas. The midstream subsystem is communicatively connected to the upstream subsystem and to the downstream subsystem. It monitors the environment of the downstream subsystem, determines when and how to apply gas to plants growing in the downstream system, acquires gas stored in the upstream subsystem, and distributes it to the downstream system. It also has various monitoring, command and control, management, and reporting features. The downstream subsystem includes one or more plant growth areas or plots, gas distribution means, such as gas conduits, tubes or lines from the midstream subsystem, and the high efficiency, adjustable gas applicator, and various sensing and monitoring devices communicatively connected to the midstream subsystem.

A horticultural smudging system and method for improving the growth and/or production of plants. Combustible material is burnt within a thermal container, and the resulting flue gas containing negative ions and carbon dioxide is propelled onto one or more plants. The smudging system and method may use one or more sensors to detect oxygen, air pressure, and flue gas levels within the thermal container to adjust air intake and the release of flue gas.