A hollow fiber membrane module includes one pressure vessel, and at least one hollow fiber membrane element loaded in the pressure vessel. Each of the element includes a plurality of hollow fiber membranes each having openings at both ends, a bypass tube, and a supply port and a discharge port provided on one end side in a longitudinal direction. The supply port is in communication with inflow-side openings of hollow fiber membranes. The bypass tube is provided in the longitudinal direction of the element, has an inflow port at an end portion on a side of outflow-side openings of the hollow fiber membranes, and has an outflow port at an end portion on a side of the inflow-side openings of the hollow fiber membranes. The outflow-side openings of hollow fiber membranes are in communication with the inflow port, and the outflow port is in communication with the discharge port.

A hollow fiber membrane module includes one pressure vessel, and at least one hollow fiber membrane element loaded in the pressure vessel. Each of the element includes a plurality of hollow fiber membranes each having openings at both ends, a bypass tube, and a supply port and a discharge port provided on one end side in a longitudinal direction. The supply port is in communication with inflow-side openings of hollow fiber membranes. The bypass tube is provided in the longitudinal direction of the element, has an inflow port at an end portion on a side of outflow-side openings of the hollow fiber membranes, and has an outflow port at an end portion on a side of the inflow-side openings of the hollow fiber membranes. The outflow-side openings of hollow fiber membranes are in communication with the inflow port, and the outflow port is in communication with the discharge port.

A fiber bundle cartridge for a fiber membrane degassing system includes an inner sleeve including one or more perforations and a fiber bundle positioned radially outward from the inner sleeve. The fiber bundle has an annular shape defining a central bundle axis. The perforations of the inner sleeve define a plurality of inlets and/or outlets facing radially with respect to the central bundle axis. A fiber membrane degassing system includes a housing defining a cylindrical volume having at least one inlet and at least one outlet. The system includes at least one fiber within the cylindrical volume, where fluid flowing through the cylindrical volume from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet flows perpendicular to a longitudinal dimension of the fiber. A method of degassing a liquid includes directing a liquid volume through a fiber bundle in a direction radial to a longitudinally extending bundle axis.

A fiber bundle cartridge for a fiber membrane degassing system includes an inner sleeve including one or more perforations and a fiber bundle positioned radially outward from the inner sleeve. The fiber bundle has an annular shape defining a central bundle axis. The perforations of the inner sleeve define a plurality of inlets and/or outlets facing radially with respect to the central bundle axis. A fiber membrane degassing system includes a housing defining a cylindrical volume having at least one inlet and at least one outlet. The system includes at least one fiber within the cylindrical volume, where fluid flowing through the cylindrical volume from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet flows perpendicular to a longitudinal dimension of the fiber. A method of degassing a liquid includes directing a liquid volume through a fiber bundle in a direction radial to a longitudinally extending bundle axis.

A method of a filtration uses a hollow fiber membrane module comprising a module case; and a hollow fiber membrane bundle comprising a plurality of hollow fiber membranes bundled together and being accommodated in the module case, respective ends of the hollow fiber membranes being bonded together by a potting material. The filtration is carried out in the hollow fiber membrane module under a pressure of 0.3 to 1.2 MPa. The hollow fiber membrane module satisfies a relationship: 0.5<R/L<5 when the pressure inside the hollow fiber membrane module is 1.0 MPa without the hollow fiber membrane module being restrained, and satisfies relationships: 0<R<0.25 and 0<L<0.06 during an operation in an operation condition, where R (%) represents a radial expansion ratio at a center portion in a longitudinal direction, and L (%) represents a longitudinal expansion ratio, of the hollow fiber membrane module.

A method of a filtration uses a hollow fiber membrane module comprising a module case; and a hollow fiber membrane bundle comprising a plurality of hollow fiber membranes bundled together and being accommodated in the module case, respective ends of the hollow fiber membranes being bonded together by a potting material. The filtration is carried out in the hollow fiber membrane module under a pressure of 0.3 to 1.2 MPa. The hollow fiber membrane module satisfies a relationship: 0.5<R/L<5 when the pressure inside the hollow fiber membrane module is 1.0 MPa without the hollow fiber membrane module being restrained, and satisfies relationships: 0<R<0.25 and 0<L<0.06 during an operation in an operation condition, where R (%) represents a radial expansion ratio at a center portion in a longitudinal direction, and L (%) represents a longitudinal expansion ratio, of the hollow fiber membrane module.

A cord for supporting a biofilm has a plurality of yarns. At least one of the yarns comprises a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes. At least one of the yarns extends along the length of the cord generally in the shape of a spiral. Optionally, one or more of the yarns may comprise one or more reinforcing filaments. In some examples, a reinforcing yarn is wrapped around a core. A module may be made by potting a plurality of the cords in at least one header. A reactor may be made and operated by placing the module in a tank fed with water to be treated and supplying a gas to the module. In use, a biofilm covers the cords to form a membrane biofilm assembly.

A cord for supporting a biofilm has a plurality of yarns. At least one of the yarns comprises a plurality of hollow fiber gas transfer membranes. At least one of the yarns extends along the length of the cord generally in the shape of a spiral. Optionally, one or more of the yarns may comprise one or more reinforcing filaments. In some examples, a reinforcing yarn is wrapped around a core. A module may be made by potting a plurality of the cords in at least one header. A reactor may be made and operated by placing the module in a tank fed with water to be treated and supplying a gas to the module. In use, a biofilm covers the cords to form a membrane biofilm assembly.

Algae harvesting and cultivating systems and methods for producing high concentrations of algae product with minimal energy. In an embodiment, a dead-end filtration system and method includes at least one tank and a plurality hollow fiber membranes positioned in the at least one tank. An algae medium is pulled through the hollow fiber membranes such that a retentate and a permeate are produced.

Algae harvesting and cultivating systems and methods for producing high concentrations of algae product with minimal energy. In an embodiment, a dead-end filtration system and method includes at least one tank and a plurality hollow fiber membranes positioned in the at least one tank. An algae medium is pulled through the hollow fiber membranes such that a retentate and a permeate are produced.