A device (10) for capacitive deionization of an aqueous media containing dissolved ion species, said device comprising a cell with a first primary electrode (2) and a second primary electrode (3) arranged opposite the first primary electrode (2) and preferably separated by at least one non-conductive spacer (4, 4). A third electrode (7) is arranged between the first and the second electrode. The third electrode (7) is grounded whereas the first and the second electrodes are polarized versus the grounded third electrode.

A filtration system has a filter element with a filtration membrane, a feed inlet and a concentrate outlet on a first side of the membrane and a permeate outlet on a second side of the membrane. A feed line with a feed shutoff valve is in fluid communication with the feed inlet, and a concentrate return line with a concentrate shutoff valve is in fluid communication with the concentrate outlet. A feed pump is in fluid communication with the feed inlet via the feed line and the feed shutoff valve, and a backwash pump is in fluid communication with the permeate outlet. In a priming phase of a backwash operation, the feed shutoff valve and the concentrate shutoff valve are closed and the backwash supply is operable to deliver fluid to the filtration element and equalize pressure between the first side and the second side of the filtration membrane.

An electrodialysis cell includes a housing defining an internal chamber, a core positioned within the internal chamber, a first electrode positioned in the internal chamber adjacent the housing, a second electrode coupled to the core and spaced from the first electrode, and a membrane assembly positioned between the first and second electrodes in a spiral wound configuration. The housing includes an inlet end for receiving a feed fluid and an outlet end in fluid communication with the inlet end. The membrane assembly includes a plurality of ion exchange membranes spaced from each other to define a plurality of fluid channels between the inlet and outlet ends.

A process for preparing a semi-permeable membrane includes providing an aqueous phase comprising a polyfunctional amine monomer, covering a surface of a porous support membrane with the aqueous phase, applying an organic phase comprising a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer, a phosphorous containing compound and a co-solvent, and allowing the polyfunctional amine monomer and the polyfunctional acyl halide monomer to perform an interfacial polymerization reaction to form a polyamide thin film composite layer.

The presence of the co-solvent together with the phosphorous compound in the organic phase potentiates the effect of the phosphorous compound so that the water flux is increased without substantially sacrificing the salt rejection.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for the deposition of spacing elements for spiral wound elements that prevent nesting of adjacent spacer layers and occlusion of feed space during element rolling.

Provided is a deionization apparatus which includes: a porous electrode having fine pores; a non-pore ion exchange membrane that is formed in the porous electrode; a counter electrode that is spaced from the non-pore ion exchange membrane and faces the non-pore ion exchange membrane; and a spacer that is located between the porous electrode and the counter electrode, and that has a flow passage through which water to be treated passes.

Spacers for filtration membranes that are formed from perforated films. The spacer include unperforated regions, which can serve as integrated lamination strips, advantageously omitting the need for separate lamination steps required with woven and nonwoven spacer fabrics while also providing a spacer with a uniform thickness.

According to the present invention, even when a high recovery ratio operation is performed, the influence of concentration of ingredients to be separated in the feed fluid can be reduced, the concentration polarization can be prevented by increasing the turbulence effect on the membrane surface, and the fluid permeation performance and the separation performance of the separation membrane element can be maintained.

Provided is a deionization apparatus which includes: a porous electrode having fine pores; a non-pore ion exchange membrane that is formed in the porous electrode; a counter electrode that is spaced from the non-pore ion exchange membrane and faces the non-pore ion exchange membrane; and a spacer that is located between the porous electrode and the counter electrode, and that has a flow passage through which water to be treated passes.

A spiral wound filtration assembly including: i) a pressure vessel comprising a feed port, concentrate port and permeate port; ii) at least one spiral wound membrane module comprising at least one membrane envelop wound around a permeate tube which forms a permeate pathway to the permeate port; and iii) a bioreactor having a cylindrical outer periphery extending along an axis (Y) from a first end to a second end, an inlet located near the first end, and an outlet located near the second end;
wherein the spiral wound membrane module and bioreactor are serially arranged within the pressure vessel.