A vesicle incorporate a transmembrane protein, the vesicle forming material including a mixture of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) and polyetheramine. The vesicle can generally withstand elevated temperature without substantial shrinkage of the diameter, which in turn results in maintenance of the water permeability virtually unaffected. Pluronic based vesicles have a large content of amino groups available on the surface illustrated by the larger zeta potential values available for crosslinking in the polyamide layer by chemical reaction with trimesoyl chloride (TMC).

A raw water channel spacer capable of suppressing formation of a concentration polarization layer in a region in the vicinity of a separation membrane in a raw water channel, and a spiral wound membrane element including the same are provided. A raw water channel spacer is formed by superposing a first yarn row and a second yarn row, and includes alternately a first mesh structure having a configuration in which first rectangular meshes formed of the yarn rows are continuous in an extending direction of the second yarn row, and a second mesh structure having a configuration in which meshes are continuous in the extending direction of the second yam row such that an interval in the second yarn row is smaller than an interval of the second yarn row forming the first mesh structure.

A permeate carrier for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, or microfiltration systems is provided. The permeate carrier includes a tricot knitted fabric sheet which includes synthetic yarns knitted into pillars formed by a 1-0, 0-1 lapping pattern or a 0-1, 1-0 lapping pattern and cross ribs formed by a 2-3, 1-0 lapping or a 1-0, 2-3 lapping pattern. The permeate carrier is configured for placement between adjacent filter membranes in a water filtration system.

Membrane elements that use multiple membrane leaves may have a limited total active membrane area due to an increased diameter at the ends of the element. Membrane leaves may comprise a permeate carrier positioned between one or more membrane sheets. Adhesive may be used to seal one or more edges of the membrane leaf. The membrane sheets, permeate carrier and the adhesive contribute to the thickness of the edges of the membrane leaf and the diameter at the ends of the element. A reduced thickness of the edges of the permeate carrier may reduce the diameter at the ends of an element. Another permeate carrier sheet may also be used that is distanced from at least one edge of the membrane sheet so the permeate carrier sheet does not contribute towards the increased diameter at the ends of the element.

Provided is a spiral membrane module which is suitable for being set up in the vertical direction since at one end of its pressure vessel, the supply of feed liquid and the discharge of concentrated liquid can be attained.

An electrodialysis cell includes a housing defining an internal chamber, a core positioned within the internal chamber, a first electrode positioned in the internal chamber adjacent the housing, a second electrode coupled to the core and spaced from the first electrode, and a membrane assembly positioned between the first and second electrodes in a spiral wound configuration. The housing includes an inlet end for receiving a feed fluid and an outlet end in fluid communication with the inlet end. The membrane assembly includes a plurality of ion exchange membranes spaced from each other to define a plurality of fluid channels between the inlet and outlet ends.

An acidic gas separation membrane sheet causes an acidic gas to selectively permeate therethrough. The acidic gas separation membrane sheet includes a first porous layer, a hydrophilic resin composition layer, and a second porous layer in this order. A second peel strength between the second porous layer and the hydrophilic resin composition layer is less than a first peel strength between the first porous layer and the hydrophilic resin composition layer. An average value of the second peel strength is within a range of greater than or equal to 5 N/m and less than or equal to 500 N/m.

A water purification system (100) is provided and includes: a composite filter cartridge assembly (1), a booster pump (4), a waste-water solenoid valve (7) and a water storage device. The composite filter cartridge assembly (1) includes a filter casing (11) and a composite filter cartridge (12). A pretreated-water outlet (114) of the filter casing (11) is connected with a water-output end of a pretreating filter cartridge (121) of the composite filter cartridge (12) and with the booster pump (4). A pretreated-water inlet (115) of the filter casing (11) is connected with a water-input end of a fine filter cartridge (122) of the composite filter cartridge (12) and with the booster pump (4). A purified-water port (116) of the filter casing (11) is connected with a water-output end of the fine filter cartridge (122), a water-input end of a mouthfeel-improving filter cartridge (123) of the composite filter cartridge (12) and the water storage device.

A spiral-wound acid gas separation membrane element (1) includes a wound body including a separation membrane (2), a feed-side channel component (3), and a permeate-side channel component (4) wound in a laminated state around a core tube (5). The core tube (5) has a group of holes for allowing communication between a permeate-side spatial portion defined by the permeate-side channel component (4) and a spatial portion inside the core tube (5), the group of holes being present on an end side of the core tube (5).

Spiral wound membrane rolls and modules and methods for making such membrane rolls and modules are described, along with water extraction or water filtrations systems including the spiral wound membrane rolls and modules and the use thereof in a forward osmosis process, an assisted forward osmosis process or a pressure retarded osmosis process