Provided is a feed spacer for reducing differential pressure of a reverse osmosis element, the feed spacer forming the reverse osmosis element, the feed spacer comprising a plurality of strands disposed in a mesh shape having predetermined intersection points, and wherein a vertical cross section of each of the strands has a rhombic shape such that a pressure loss in the feed spacer is minimized by an effective flow of raw water at an interface of a reverse osmosis membrane, and a nozzle for forming the feed spacer.

The present disclosure relates to a spinneret for producing hollow fiber membranes in a phase inversion process.

The present disclosure relates to a spinning beam for producing hollow fiber membranes in a phase inversion process, and to a process using the spinning beam.