Stable maintenance of high separation performance of a separation membrane having a separation layer comprising a compact carbon layer is described in addition to a separation membrane having a separation layer comprising a compact carbon layer, wherein particles are attached to the compact carbon layer, recesses are present in the compact carbon layer, and the particles are at least partially stuck in the recesses.

The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

A porous graphene film, its manufacturing method and an electronic product are provided. The method of manufacturing the porous graphene film includes: mixing a dispersion liquid of graphene with a dispersion liquid of particles, and performing a film-forming process to form a mixed film of graphene and particles; and removing the particles in the mixed film of graphene and particles to form the porous graphene film. The porous graphene film prepared by the method has a large specific surface area and an excellent electroconductivity.

The invention provides a method of producing multi-walled carbon nanotube blended polyvinylidene fluoride (MWCNTs/PVDF) membranes for membrane distillation (MD) treatment of saline water using non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), said method including mixing two solvents with different solubility parameters and the use of a dual coagulation bath system to control the formation of membrane pore structures and enhance surface hydrophobicity whereby blended PVDF membranes are produced for application in MD processes.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to durable graphene oxide membranes for fluid filtration. For example, the graphene oxide membranes can be durable under high temperatures non-neutral pH, and/or high pressures. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a filtration apparatus comprising: a support substrate, and a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate. The graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature. The graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time.

The present invention relates to the field of water treatment/fluoride removal and to materials/devices useful in such processes. Specifically, the invention provides for hybrid materials comprising amyloid fibrils and ZrO2; and to composite materials further comprising a support material. The invention further provides for the treatment of water using such hybrid or composite materials.

Membranes for membrane distillation (MD) and forward osmosis (FO) are provided with methods of manufacture and use thereof. The MD membrane comprises a microporous mat of electrospun nanofibers made of a nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide dispersed in a hydrophobic polymer with their surface grafted with a silane coupling agent or with hydrophobic nanoparticles. The FO membrane comprises a microporous support layer and a rejection layer formed on one side of the support layer, wherein the support layer is a microporous mat of electrospun nanofibers made of a nanocomposite of hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a hydrophilic polymer, and the rejection layer is made of nanocomposite of hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a crosslinked meta-aramid of formula (I). There is also provided a process for treating a high-salinity and/or high-strength feed, such as fracking wastewater, comprising microfiltration or ultrafiltration, followed by forward osmosis, and then membrane distillation.

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The invention relates to an anti-blocking seawater desalination device based on graphene filtering, comprising heating device, solar heat-collecting device, fresh water condensation heat-exchange device and thermal-expansion and cold-shrinkage control valve mechanism; the heating device can fully heat and distill seawater, the sprayed seawater is distilled by graphene heat-conduction layers to improve the distillation efficiency and avoiding blocking; the distilled water vapor enters into fresh water condensation heat-exchange device to exchange heat with seawater, increasing the seawater temperature, making full use of the heat in water vapor, and increasing water vapor condensation speed; the distilled concentrated seawater enters into the thermal-expansion and cold-shrinkage control valve mechanism, the flow of seawater entering into the heating device is controlled by the concentrated seawater temperature, when the temperature is too high, the flow of the seawater entering into the heating device increases, and when the temperature is too low, the flow decreases.

This invention relates to a novel conductive organic membrane-coupled filtration system for the degradation of organic pollutants from wastewater. The system comprises a connected water pump and a reactor. The upper end of the reactor contained a water inlet, and the lower end consisted of a water outlet. A counter electrode and a membrane electrode are fixed on the reactor between the water inlet and water outlet. The counter electrode and membrane electrode constitute a two-electrode system connected to an external potentiostat through metal wires. The membrane electrode is made of carbon-based polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane that can be used to enhance the electrochemical separation of small molecules and the removal of organic pollutants.

The present invention relates to a method of altering the relative proportions of protons, deuterons and tritons in a sample using a membrane. The membrane comprises a 2D material and an ionomer. The invention also relates to a method of making said membranes.