Methods of fabricating complex three-dimensional structures on patterned substrates and related compositions are provided. The methods involve depositing on the substrate a block copolymer material that is mismatched to the substrate pattern, and then ordering the material to form a complex three-dimensional structure. According to various embodiments, the copolymer material mismatches the substrate pattern in that the symmetry and/or length scale of its bulk morphology differs from that of the pattern. When ordered, a balance between the physics that determines the bulk block copolymer morphology and the physics that determines the substrate surface interfacial interactions results in a thermodynamically stable complex three-dimensional film that varies in a direction perpendicular to the substrate and has a morphology that differs from its bulk morphology.

Material processing composites, devices, methods of use, and methods of manufacturing using composites having three-dimensional interpenetrating channels separated by porous walls. Such composites include composites having a first flow channel and a second flow channel defined and separated by porous (e.g., nanoporous) walls, wherein the first flow channel and the second flow channels have a three-dimensional interpenetrating structure. The first flow channel and the second flow channel may have a triply periodic minimal surface structure, such as a gyroid or Schwartz surface structure. In some embodiments, the composite is configured for use in hemofiltration, molecular filtration, gas purification, energy storage, or chemical conversion.

Disclosed is a cation exchange membrane that has a structure in which a polymer is cross-linked to graphene oxide and can selectively restrict the permeation of anions. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a cation exchange membrane that has higher cation selectivity even at a thin thickness by cross-linking a polymer to graphene oxide and is not easily redispersed in water can be provided. In addition, the cation exchange membrane according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is much thinner than general commercial ion exchange membranes, thereby having low electrical resistance and flexibility. Accordingly, when used in desalination devices, fuel cells, etc., it can reduce the volumes and manufacturing costs of the products.

An in-situ repair method for the surface of polyamide (PA) membrane after the destruction of oxidizing substances is provided. Lysozyme solution is mixed with tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) buffer solution, and the PA membrane to be repaired is immersed in the mixed solution, after being taken out, the PA membrane to be repaired is rinsed, and the nano-protein coating with uniform changes in pore size, charge density and thickness is obtained on the surface of the PA membrane to be repaired. Then the amine solution modification is used, the surface of the nano-protein coating is grafted by amines, and the repaired PA membrane is obtained. The PA membrane to be repaired is immersed in a mixed solution for 1-24 h. The PA membrane repaired by nano-coating has a water permeability of 11.4 Lm.sup.2L.sup.1bar.sup.1 (LMH/bar) and a rejection rate of 98.5% to magnesium chloride for the nanofiltration (NF) membrane after strong chlorine destruction.

An in-situ repair method for the surface of polyamide (PA) membrane after the destruction of oxidizing substances is provided. Lysozyme solution is mixed with tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) buffer solution, and the PA membrane to be repaired is immersed in the mixed solution, after being taken out, the PA membrane to be repaired is rinsed, and the nano-protein coating with uniform changes in pore size, charge density and thickness is obtained on the surface of the PA membrane to be repaired. Then the amine solution modification is used, the surface of the nano-protein coating is grafted by amines, and the repaired PA membrane is obtained. The PA membrane to be repaired is immersed in a mixed solution for 1-24 h. The PA membrane repaired by nano-coating has a water permeability of 11.4 Lm.sup.2L.sup.1bar.sup.1 (LMH/bar) and a rejection rate of 98.5% to magnesium chloride for the nanofiltration (NF) membrane after strong chlorine destruction.

The invention relates to novel linear, semi-crystalline, functional fluoropolymers that have been obtained by copolymerizing a fluorinated vinylic monomer and a hydrophilic monomer chosen from vinyl alkyl acids, vinyl phosphonates, functional acrylamides, carbonates, vinyl ethers, alkoxy compounds, and double hydrophilic group monomers.

A device (100) for water purification includes one or more first layers (110) including a semipermeable membrane and one or more second layers (120) in contact with the one or more first layers (110), wherein the one or more second layers (120) include an alginate hydrogel and are sufficient to draw water across the one or more first layers (110).

A method of separating a mixture of fluids may comprise contacting an absorbent material with a mixture of fluids comprising a first fluid and a second fluid having different polarities, wherein the absorbent material selectively absorbs the first fluid to provide a permeate comprising the first fluid and a retentate comprising the second fluid. The absorbent material comprises a zwitterionic polymer, the zwitterionic polymer being a polymerization product of reactants comprising a zwitterionic monomer and a (meth)acrylate crosslinker. The zwitterionic monomer is selected from the group consisting of: a zwitterionic monomer of Formula I, R(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2.sup.+(CH.sub.2).sub.n-A.sup., wherein R is selected from a carboxyamide, a (meth)acrylate, and an alkyl; m is an integer of from 0 to 5; each R is independently selected from hydrogen and an alkyl; n is an integer of from 1 to 5; and A.sup. is SO.sub.3.sup. or CO.sub.2.sup.; a zwitterionic monomer of Formula II, R(CH.sub.2).sub.m-A.sup.-(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.3.sup.+, wherein R is an (meth)acrylate; m is an integer of from 1 to 5; A is PO.sub.4.sup.; n is an integer of from 1 to 5; and each R is independently selected from hydrogen and an alkyl; carboxybetaine diacrylamide; (3-methacryloylamino-propyl)-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-dimethylammonium; 3-[Dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonio]-1-propanesulfonate; 1-methylpyridinium 3-sulfonate; and combinations thereof.

A composite semipermeable membrane includes a porous support membrane, a separation functional layer containing a polyamide disposed on the porous support membrane, and a coating layer disposed on the separation functional layer, wherein a water contact angle of a surface of the coating layer is 40 or less, and a protein adsorption force of the surface of the coating layer is 0.4 nN or less.

The problem is to provide a porous membrane with a reduced phenomenon in which membranes firmly adhere to one another during production of the porous membrane (membrane adhesion). The problem is solved by a porous membrane comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, wherein an average value T of ratios of the number of counts of ions derived from the hydrophilic polymer to the number of counts of ions derived from the hydrophobic polymer is 1.0 or more when a surface of the porous membrane is measured by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS).