A fluid deionizer includes at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow a flow of fluid and to disallow at least one particular type of ion contained in the flow of fluid. A purge valve is placed in an open position so as to collect the at least one particular type of ion disallowed by the graphene sheet so as to clean off the at least one graphene sheet. Another embodiment provides a deionizer with graphene sheets in cylindrical form. A separation apparatus is also provided in a cross-flow arrangement where a pressurized source directs a medium along a path substantially parallel to at least one sheet of graphene from an inlet to an outlet. The medium flows through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed components in the medium flow out the outlet.

A fluid deionizer includes at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow a flow of fluid and to disallow at least one particular type of ion contained in the flow of fluid. A purge valve is placed in an open position so as to collect the at least one particular type of ion disallowed by the graphene sheet so as to clean off the at least one graphene sheet. Another embodiment provides a deionizer with graphene sheets in cylindrical form. A separation apparatus is also provided in a cross-flow arrangement where a pressurized source directs a medium along a path substantially parallel to at least one sheet of graphene from an inlet to an outlet. The medium flows through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed components in the medium flow out the outlet.

An apparatus for roll-to-roll nanomaterial dispersion papermaking includes a suction pressure for consolidating nanomaterials on a fluid permeable filter in one region of the filter and an opposite pressure region or regions for separating a mat of the consolidated nanomaterials and transferring the mat to a transfer roller. A transfer roller may have a suction pressure within the transfer roller to help transfer the mat from the filter to the transfer roller, for example. An inlet port distributes nanomaterials using row and zone inlets, for example.

An apparatus for roll-to-roll nanomaterial dispersion papermaking includes a suction pressure for consolidating nanomaterials on a fluid permeable filter in one region of the filter and an opposite pressure region or regions for separating a mat of the consolidated nanomaterials and transferring the mat to a transfer roller. A transfer roller may have a suction pressure within the transfer roller to help transfer the mat from the filter to the transfer roller, for example. An inlet port distributes nanomaterials using row and zone inlets, for example.

A gas separation method is provided. The method includes using a gas separation apparatus comprising a selective permeable membrane and a first and second treatment chambers separated by the selective permeable membrane. A mixed gas containing a gas to be separated is supplied into (or generated within) the first treatment chamber, and the gas to be separated is separated from the mixed gas by having the gas to be separated permeate from the first/second treatment chamber side of the selective permeable membrane, which has a stacked laminated structure of a hydrophilic porous membrane, a separation-functional layer, and a first protective membrane, and the separation-functional layer includes a layer of hydrophilic polymer containing water, and the first treatment chamber is provided on a hydrophilic porous membrane side of the selective permeable membrane and the second treatment chamber is provided on the first protective membrane side of the selective permeable membrane.

A gas separation method is provided. The method includes using a gas separation apparatus comprising a selective permeable membrane and a first and second treatment chambers separated by the selective permeable membrane. A mixed gas containing a gas to be separated is supplied into (or generated within) the first treatment chamber, and the gas to be separated is separated from the mixed gas by having the gas to be separated permeate from the first/second treatment chamber side of the selective permeable membrane, which has a stacked laminated structure of a hydrophilic porous membrane, a separation-functional layer, and a first protective membrane, and the separation-functional layer includes a layer of hydrophilic polymer containing water, and the first treatment chamber is provided on a hydrophilic porous membrane side of the selective permeable membrane and the second treatment chamber is provided on the first protective membrane side of the selective permeable membrane.

A composite membrane that includes a polymeric substrate that defines a plurality of pores and a metal organic framework formed within the pores of the substrate. The metal organic framework is formed through interfacial synthesis of an aqueous metal ion and an organic ligand solution within the pores of the substrate. Methods for membrane synthesis are provided that may include a first growth phase and a second growth phase within the pores of the polymeric substrate. The composite membranes may be incorporated into a housing/module for use in gas separation, e.g., in gas separation facilities, including flue gas sorption plants, direct air capture plants, natural gas sweetening pipelines, and olefin/paraffin separation towers.

A composite membrane that includes a polymeric substrate that defines a plurality of pores and a metal organic framework formed within the pores of the substrate. The metal organic framework is formed through interfacial synthesis of an aqueous metal ion and an organic ligand solution within the pores of the substrate. Methods for membrane synthesis are provided that may include a first growth phase and a second growth phase within the pores of the polymeric substrate. The composite membranes may be incorporated into a housing/module for use in gas separation, e.g., in gas separation facilities, including flue gas sorption plants, direct air capture plants, natural gas sweetening pipelines, and olefin/paraffin separation towers.

A biofluid card assembly for isolating extracellular vesicles present in biofluids includes a biofluid card having a plurality of layers; and a fastener, the biofluid card includes a top lid with at least one opening configured to receive at least one biofluid sample including principal components and extracellular vesicles present therein, a biofluid separation membrane assembly disposed adjacent the top lid and configured to separate and direct the extracellular vesicles, at least one extracellular vesicle capture membrane having at least one extracellular vesicle capture agent formed thereon or embedded therein, each disposed below and adjacent the biofluid separation membrane assembly and configured to receive the extracellular vesicles, wherein each of the at least one extracellular vesicle capture agent includes a binding agent configured to bind to the extracellular vesicle having predetermined binding sites, and a bottom lid disposed adjacent the at least one extracellular vesicle capture membrane.