The present invention relates to a water extraction system for up-concentration of organic solutes comprising a flow cell comprising a membrane; said membrane comprising an active layer comprising immobilized aquaporin water channels and a support layer, and said membrane having a feed side and a non-feed side; and an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane. The system also includes an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane and an aqueous draw solution in fluid communication with the draw side of the membrane. The aqueous source solution comprises the organic solutes. The membrane module comprises an inlet and an outlet for the aqueous draw solution. The aquaporin vesicles are formed by self-assembly of block copolymers in the presence of an aquaporin protein suspension.

The present invention relates to a water extraction system for up-concentration of organic solutes comprising a flow cell comprising a membrane; said membrane comprising an active layer comprising immobilized aquaporin water channels and a support layer, and said membrane having a feed side and a non-feed side; and an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane. The system also includes an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane and an aqueous draw solution in fluid communication with the draw side of the membrane. The aqueous source solution comprises the organic solutes. The membrane module comprises an inlet and an outlet for the aqueous draw solution. The aquaporin vesicles are formed by self-assembly of block copolymers in the presence of an aquaporin protein suspension.

A feedstock solution flow concentration system, which has a first step for counterflowing or parallel flowing a feedstock solution flow a containing a solute and a solvent b, and a draw solution flow d via a forward osmosis membrane o and transferring the solvent b in the feedstock solution flow a to the draw solution flow d to obtain a concentrated feedstock solution flow c, which is the feedstock solution flow which has been concentrated, and a diluted draw solution flow e, which is the draw solution flow which has been diluted.

A feedstock solution flow concentration system, which has a first step for counterflowing or parallel flowing a feedstock solution flow a containing a solute and a solvent b, and a draw solution flow d via a forward osmosis membrane o and transferring the solvent b in the feedstock solution flow a to the draw solution flow d to obtain a concentrated feedstock solution flow c, which is the feedstock solution flow which has been concentrated, and a diluted draw solution flow e, which is the draw solution flow which has been diluted.

Provided are a polymer having a constituent component represented by formula (I) below, a method for producing the polymer, a diamine compound suitable as a raw material for the polymer, a gas separation membrane haying a gas separation layer including the polymer, and a gas separation module and a gas separation apparatus that have the gas separation membrane. ##STR00001## In the formula (I), R.sup.A, R.sup.B, and R.sup.C represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom. Herein, at least one of R.sup.A, R.sup.B, or R.sup.C represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom. The alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is not trifluoromethyl and ** represents linking sites.

The present disclosure relates to carbon nanotube based desalination membranes and methods of manufacturing thereof. The carbon nanotube based desalination membranes may be manufactured by: providing a polymer matrix; providing carbon nanotubes directly contacting the polymer matrix; stirring the carbon nanotubes into the polymer matrix in order to make a carbon nanotube composite solution; and coating a substrate with the carbon nanotube composite solution to form a carbon nanotube desalination membrane. The carbon nanotube based desalination membranes may provide superior flow rate and high levels of salt rejection.

The present disclosure relates to carbon nanotube based desalination membranes and methods of manufacturing thereof. The carbon nanotube based desalination membranes may be manufactured by: providing a polymer matrix; providing carbon nanotubes directly contacting the polymer matrix; stirring the carbon nanotubes into the polymer matrix in order to make a carbon nanotube composite solution; and coating a substrate with the carbon nanotube composite solution to form a carbon nanotube desalination membrane. The carbon nanotube based desalination membranes may provide superior flow rate and high levels of salt rejection.

An object of the present invention is to provide a polyamide porous membrane having improved fluid permeation performance. A polyamide porous membrane having a dense layer formed on at least one surface, wherein the polyamide porous membrane has a streak-like recessed portion extending in one direction of a surface of the dense layer, and the streak-like recessed portion has an orientation angle of 0 to 5.0° or 175.0 to 180.0° and an orientation intensity of 1.5 to 2.0 according to predetermined orientation analysis.

An object of the present invention is to provide a polyamide porous membrane having improved fluid permeation performance. A polyamide porous membrane having a dense layer formed on at least one surface, wherein the polyamide porous membrane has a streak-like recessed portion extending in one direction of a surface of the dense layer, and the streak-like recessed portion has an orientation angle of 0 to 5.0° or 175.0 to 180.0° and an orientation intensity of 1.5 to 2.0 according to predetermined orientation analysis.

The present invention relates to a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane including a porous support; a polyamide layer which is formed on at least one surface of the porous support; a fouling resistant layer which is formed on the polyamide layer; and a protective coating layer which is formed on the fouling resistant layer and linked by cross-linking with the fouling resistant layer, and more specifically to a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane having excellent durability and antifouling properties in which antifouling properties are improved, but there is no decrease in flow rate and salt removal rate, and there is little decrease in physical properties due to fouling and little change over time due to a preservation solution, and chlorine durability is also excellent.