Integrating an aquaporin Z protein addition to an outer surface of hollow fiber membranes and a production method of aquaporin Z integrated hollow fiber membranes using different hollow fiber support membranes are provided. The production method includes polymeric, nanocomposite materials. When an aquaporin protein integrated onto reinforced hollow fiber membranes, increase in a mechanical strength and a flux of the reinforced hollow fiber membranes was observed.

Integrating an aquaporin Z protein addition to an outer surface of hollow fiber membranes and a production method of aquaporin Z integrated hollow fiber membranes using different hollow fiber support membranes are provided. The production method includes polymeric, nanocomposite materials. When an aquaporin protein integrated onto reinforced hollow fiber membranes, increase in a mechanical strength and a flux of the reinforced hollow fiber membranes was observed.

The present invention relates to a chemically modified anion exchange membrane and a method of preparing the same and, more particularly, an anion exchange membrane in which sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane are substituted with anion conductive groups such as ammonium group, phosphonium group, imidazolium group, pyridinium group and sulfonium group, and a method of preparing an anion exchange membrane by chemically modifying sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane.

The present invention relates to a chemically modified anion exchange membrane and a method of preparing the same and, more particularly, an anion exchange membrane in which sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane are substituted with anion conductive groups such as ammonium group, phosphonium group, imidazolium group, pyridinium group and sulfonium group, and a method of preparing an anion exchange membrane by chemically modifying sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane.

A solution-type water treatment chemical, includes, as one, gluconic acid (salt) and a surfactant having an HLB determined by the following equation (1) satisfying the following equation (2), wherein in a relationship between concentrations of the gluconic acid (salt) and the surfactant and a molecular weight and HLB of the surfactant, the gluconic acid (salt) and the surfactant are contained such that the water treatment chemical does not form a gel or precipitate.
HLB=(Σinorganic value/Σorganic value)×10  (1)
Molecular weight>−34.4×HLB+1005  (2)

A solution-type water treatment chemical, includes, as one, gluconic acid (salt) and a surfactant having an HLB determined by the following equation (1) satisfying the following equation (2), wherein in a relationship between concentrations of the gluconic acid (salt) and the surfactant and a molecular weight and HLB of the surfactant, the gluconic acid (salt) and the surfactant are contained such that the water treatment chemical does not form a gel or precipitate.
HLB=(Σinorganic value/Σorganic value)×10  (1)
Molecular weight>−34.4×HLB+1005  (2)

A method for producing a polyamide medium for purifying a protein-containing solution, comprising: a step of treating a polyamide medium before a treatment with an acidic or alkaline aqueous solution, with an acidic or alkaline aqueous solution.

Provided is a gas separation membrane that can be used continuously. The gas separation membrane comprises: a porous support membrane that contains an aromatic polyamide in which an aromatic ring has been replaced with a chloro group; and a separation functional layer that is disposed on the surface of the porous support membrane and contains a cross-linked polyamide obtained by polycondensation of a polyfunctional amine and a polyfunctional acid halide.

Provided is a gas separation membrane that can be used continuously. The gas separation membrane comprises: a porous support membrane that contains an aromatic polyamide in which an aromatic ring has been replaced with a chloro group; and a separation functional layer that is disposed on the surface of the porous support membrane and contains a cross-linked polyamide obtained by polycondensation of a polyfunctional amine and a polyfunctional acid halide.

The present invention relates to a dialysate regeneration method that reduces a urea concentration of a urea-containing aqueous solution, the method including a reverse osmosis process of obtaining, from the urea-containing aqueous solution, a concentrate having a higher urea concentration and a permeate having a lower urea concentration by using a reverse osmosis membrane element at an operating pressure of 0.5 MPa or more and 2.0 MPa or less, in which the urea concentration of the urea-containing aqueous solution is 0.5 g/L or more, the reverse osmosis membrane element includes a reverse osmosis membrane, and the reverse osmosis membrane has a pore diameter of 7.0 Å or less as measured by a positron annihilation lifetime measurement method.