A system for making oxide material may comprise a preheating cyclone stage for receiving a solid carbonate material and operating at a temperature less than a calcination temperature of the solid carbonate material, a calcination cyclone stage for heating the preheated solid carbonate material and operating at a temperature of at least the calcination temperature to convert the preheated solid carbonate material to a solid oxide material and carbon dioxide gas, a cooling cyclone stage for cooling the solid oxide material and operating at a temperature less than the calcination temperature to cool the solid oxide material to ambient temperature, a first recirculating system to extract and recirculate a first gas from an outlet of the calcination cyclone stage to an inlet of the calcination cyclone stage zone, and a second recirculating system to extract and recirculate a second gas from the cooling cyclone stage to the preheating cyclone stage.

A gas adsorbing material particle includes an additive material particle having a moisture adsorption property; and a layer of a gas adsorbing metal disposed on a surface of the additive material particle, wherein the gas adsorbing metal is inactivated by moisture and adsorbs a target gas, wherein an average thickness of the layer of the metal is less than or equal to about 37 micrometers.

A gas purification agent includes an electronegative film-forming agent and a foaming agent. The electronegative film-forming agent accounts for 20-80 wt % of the gas purification agent, while the foaming agent accounts for 20-80 wt % of the gas purification agent. The gas purification agent of such a composition can be used as a haze removing agent to effectively remove fine dust particles such as PM10 and PM2.5 from the air. The gas purification agent includes 2.5-25 wt % of the electronegative film-forming agent, 2.5-25 wt % of the foaming agent, and 50-95 wt % of a desulfurizing agent. The gas purification agent of such a composition can be used as a desulfurizing agent to remove sulfur-containing compounds from industrial exhaust gases. A method for using the gas purification agent is also provided.

A method includes transferring at least one feed stream including calcium oxide calcium carbonate, water, and a fluidizing gas into a fluidized bed; contacting the calcium oxide with the water; based on contacting the calcium oxide with the water, initiating a hydrating reaction; producing, from the hydrating reaction, calcium hydroxide and heat; transferring a portion of the heat of the hydrating reaction to the calcium carbonate; and fluidizing the calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and the calcium carbonate into a first fluidization regime and a second fluidization regime. The first fluidization regime includes at least a portion of the calcium carbonate and at least a portion of the calcium oxide, and the second fluidization regime includes at least a portion of the calcium hydroxide and at least another portion of the calcium oxide. The first fluidization regime being different than the second fluidization regime.

Provided herein is a device for removing residual hydrogen peroxide or hydrazine from an effluent gas stream which includes a metal oxide scrubber material configured to react with residual process gases under increased temperatures. Also provided are systems and methods of using the same.

A system for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from a flue gas generated via combusting a fossil fuel is provided. The system includes a calcination chamber and a sealing-purger. The calcination chamber is configured to receive a plurality of loaded sorbent particles and a plurality of heat-transferring particles such that the loaded sorbent particles are heated within the calcination chamber so as to release carbon dioxide. The sealing-purger includes at least one gravity driven moving particle bed. The at least one gravity driven moving particle bed allows the plurality of heat-transferring particles or the plurality of sorbent particles to enter or leave the calcination chamber while restricting the flue gas from entering the calcination chamber and the released carbon dioxide particles from leaving the calcination chamber.

A system for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from a flue gas generated via combusting a fossil fuel is provided. The system includes a carbonator and a classifier. The carbonator is configured to receive the flue gas and carbon absorbing particles. The classifier is fluidly connected to the carbonator and configured to receive a mixture that includes heat-transferring particles and the carbon absorbing particles. The mixture is fluidized within the classifier via the flue gas at a velocity such that the flue gas entrains and transports the carbon absorbing particles to the carbonator while the heat-transferring particles are not entrained nor transported to the carbonator.

A system and method for determining a remaining processing capacity of a scrubber having a flow path and a processing material disposed along the flow path. A device may comprise a plurality of optical sensors disposed within the processing material and arranged along the flow path, a light source, and a processor for determining the capacity according to signals received from the optical sensor. The device may be used to illuminate processing material adjacent to each optical sensor using the light source, measure a light value reflected by the processing material at each optical sensor, and determine the remaining processing capacity of the scrubber, using the processor, based on the measured light value. Devices may comprise a memory, such as a non-volatile memory to allow multiple uses of a scrubber without reloading with fresh processing material.

A gas laser apparatus may include: a laser chamber connected through a first control valve to a first laser gas supply source that supplies a first laser gas containing a halogen gas and connected through a second control valve to a second laser gas supply source that supplies a second laser gas having a lower halogen gas concentration than the first laser gas; a purification column that removes at least a part of the halogen gas and a halogen compound from at least a part of a gas exhausted from the laser chamber; a booster pump, connected through a third control valve to the laser chamber, which raises a pressure of a gas having passed through the purification column to a gas pressure that is higher than an operating gas pressure of the laser chamber; and a controller that calculates, on a basis of a first amount of a gas supplied from the booster pump through the third control valve to the laser chamber, a second amount of the first laser gas that is to be supplied to the laser chamber and controls the first control valve on a basis of a result of the calculation of the second amount.

Methods of sequestering carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) are provided. Aspects of the methods include contacting an aqueous capture ammonia with a gaseous source of CO.sub.2 under conditions sufficient to produce an aqueous ammonium carbonate. The aqueous ammonium carbonate is then combined with a cation source under conditions sufficient to produce a solid CO.sub.2 sequestering carbonate and an aqueous ammonium salt. The aqueous capture ammonia is then regenerated from the from the aqueous ammonium salt. Also provided are systems configured for carrying out the methods.