The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting the formation of dioxin-like compounds in solid waste incineration flue gases, belonging to the field of cleaning of solid waste incineration flue gases. In accordance with the present invention, when incineration flue gases cool down to 500450 C., the flue gases are introduced into an inhibition reactor where copper chlorides in flue gas particulates mix and react with inhibitors to convert into copper metaphosphate so as to inactivate the copper chlorides which can catalyze the formation of dioxin-like compounds and control dioxin-like compound pollutants in incineration flue gases at the source. Compared with the prior art, the invention can effectively control the main formation ways of dioxin-like compounds in solid waste incineration flue gases by optimizing inhibitors and reaction conditions. The method of the invention does not affect the residual heat utilization of solid waste incineration flue gases, so solid waste incineration has a better resource utilization effect. The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate inhibitor used in the invention has the advantages of high inhibition efficiency, strong operability, low cost and environment protection, providing the technology with good application feasibility.

A lithographic apparatus includes a support table and a gas extraction system. The gas extraction system is configured to extract gas from a gap between a base surface of the support table and a substrate through at least one gas extraction opening when the substrate is being lowered onto the support table. The lithographic apparatus is configured such that gas is extracted from the gap at a first loading flow rate when the distance between the substrate and the support plane is greater than a threshold distance and gas is extracted from the gap at a second loading flow rate when the distance between the substrate and the support plane is less than the threshold distance, wherein the second loading flow rate is lower than the first loading flow rate.

A contaminated gas stream can be passed through an in-line mixing device, positioned in a duct containing the contaminated gas stream, to form a turbulent contaminated gas stream. One or more of the following is true: (a) a width of the in-line mixing device is no more than about 75% of a width of the duct at the position of the in-line mixing device; (b) a height of the in-line mixing device is no more than about 75% of a height of the duct at the position of the in-line mixing device; and (c) a cross-sectional area of the mixing device normal to a direction of gas flow is no more than about 75% of a cross-sectional area of the duct at the position of the in-line mixing device. An additive can be introduced into the contaminated gas stream to cause the removal of the contaminant by a particulate control device.

The invention relates to a spray arrangement having at least one return flow nozzle for injecting liquid into a process environment, having a storage tank for the liquid to be injected, at least one return flow nozzle, at least one feed line from the storage tank to the at least one return flow nozzle, at least one pump in the feed line, at least one return line from the return flow nozzle to the storage tank and at least one regulating valve for regulating a liquid quantity injected by the at least one return flow nozzle, wherein at least one further nozzle is provided, which is connected to the feed line by means of a controllable valve for enabling and shutting off a liquid feed.

An exhaust after-treatment system has a DEF system with improved DEF purge cycling during which time DEF is returned to a DEF storage tank. The DEF system adapts its methodology based on a condition within the DEF system. A purge valve may be arranged in a doser feed line between a DEF supply module and a DEF doser module. A purging control system may be configured to control the purge valve based on detected states within the DEF system, such as a detected state that corresponds to a plugged DEF doser module. If a plugged doser module is detected, the purge valve may be opened to vent the doser module feed line to atmosphere which allows the DEF to be returned to the DEF storage tank without creating a siphon effect that could draw additional DEF from the DEF storage tank into the supply module.

A conditioning apparatus (2) for providing a carrier gas (6), the apparatus including: an inlet (4) for a pressurized inlet gas (6); a cleaning unit (10) to provide clean pressurized gas (6), the cleaning unit (10) including one or more filters to remove solid and/or liquid contamination particles from the pressurized gas (6) and a drying station to remove moisture from the pressurized gas (6); an ionization chamber (16) which ionizes the clean pressurized gas; and an outlet for clean, pressurized, ionized gas; wherein the gas ionized in the ionization chamber (16) has a chemical composition which is substantially the same chemical composition as the inlet gas.

The present disclosure relates to mixing devices included in automotive exhaust treatment systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to reducing agent mixers for mixing reducing agents with exhaust streams to induce a chemical reaction between the reducing agent and exhaust gasses to reduce Nitrous Oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gas. Reducing agent mixers in accordance with the present disclosure include reducing agent delivery devices for conducting reducing agents into an internal mixing space through which exhaust gasses flow.

A method and apparatus for cleaning a contaminated gas, the method comprising passing the contaminated gas through at least two cleaning stages of rubber material through which water flows, wherein the gas and the water pass cocurrently though the at least two stages of rubber material.

A control system is provided to a reductant dosing system for actively maintaining the reductant dosing system ready for use by flushing unused reductant that has crystallized at a return valve of the reductant dosing system. The control system includes a controller that can control a manner of operation of specific system hardware that is present in the reductant dosing system to flush the unused reductant from the return valve that could otherwise cause the return valve to remain a flow-blocking condition as a result of the crystallized reductant.

A mixer assembly for mixing an injected reductant with an exhaust gas output from a combustion engine includes an outer housing, a tubular inner housing, and an injector. The outer housing includes an outer wall defining an exhaust gas passageway that can receive exhaust gas. The inner housing is disposed within the outer housing and includes a longitudinal axis, a first end, a peripheral wall, and an outlet. The peripheral wall is at least partially formed by wire mesh. The outlet is disposed at a second end of the inner housing opposite the first end of the inner housing. The injector is fixed to the inner or outer housing to dose the reductant into the interior of the inner housing. The wire mesh includes openings to receive at least a portion of the exhaust gas. The outlet of the inner housing discharges a mixture of exhaust gas and reductant.