A flow limiter system is provided for extracting compounds from raw materials with an extraction column. The flow limiter system may include a flow governor assembly which contains and buffers a flow of pressurized solvent entering the base of the extraction column to prevent the flow of pressurized solvent from drilling into the raw materials packed within the extraction column. The flow governor assembly may further include a first disc with a first set of perforations to direct the surge of solvent through the first disc to transform the turbulent surge of solvent into a column of non-turbulent solvent with a flat surface layer that rises up the extraction column evenly and collectively. Additionally, the flow limiter system may also include a limiter disc including a second set of perforations to allow the extracted effluent to flow through the set of perforations and exit the extraction column.

A desulfurization system has an oxidation process unit, and a multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit in series with the oxidation process unit. The multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit spits a fuel input from the oxidation process unit into a desulfurized fuel that is output for use, and a by-product. A solvent/sulfur/hydrocarbon separation process unit receives the by-product from the multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit.

A system and process to protect chlorine-susceptible water treatment membranes from chlorine damage without the use of chemical scavengers employs a catalytic deoxygenation system located upstream of the chlorine-susceptible membranes. The system and process not only achieves the required oxygen discharge levels, via reaction of the oxygen with hydrogen, but also dechlorinates the water, via reaction of the chlorine species with hydrogen.

A system and process to protect chlorine-susceptible water treatment membranes from chlorine damage without the use of chemical scavengers employs a catalytic deoxygenation system located upstream of the chlorine-susceptible membranes. The system and process not only achieves the required oxygen discharge levels, via reaction of the oxygen with hydrogen, but also dechlorinates the water, via reaction of the chlorine species with hydrogen.

There is disclosed a method of forming chlorine dioxide comprising passing chlorous acid through a membrane including a catalyst suitable to catalyse the formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorous acid. There is also disclosed a membrane suitable for forming an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide comprising a catalyst suitable to catalyse the formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorous acid or alkali metal chlorite.

A desulfurization system has an oxidation process unit, and a multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit in series with the oxidation process unit. The multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit spits a fuel input from the oxidation process unit into a desulfurized fuel that is output for use, and a by-product. A solvent/sulfur/hydrocarbon separation process unit receives the by-product from the multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit.