A liquid desiccant regeneration system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus having first and second reservoirs, wherein concentration of an input solution in the first reservoir increases to a threshold concentration and concentration of the input solution decreases in the second reservoir during an operation mode. A first redox-active electrolyte chamber comprises a first electrode and a first solution of a redox-active electrolyte material and has a reversible redox reaction with the first electrolyte material to drive an ion into the first reservoir. A second redox-active electrolyte chamber comprises a second electrode and a second solution of a redox-active electrolyte material and has a reversible redox reaction with the second electrolyte material to accept an ion from the second reservoir. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of membrane, different from the first, is disposed between the respective electrode chambers and reservoirs.

A system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus, which includes first and second reservoirs, wherein a salt concentration in the first reservoir reduces below a threshold concentration, and salt concentration in the second reservoir increases during an operation mode. A first electrode comprises a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode comprises a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. In a first reversible redox reaction between the first electrode and first electrolyte material at least one ion is accepted from the first reservoir, and in a second reversible redox reaction between the second electrode and second electrolyte material at least one ion is driven into the second reservoir. A first type of ion exchange membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of ion exchange membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between the respective electrodes and reservoirs.

Electrochemical cell array for the treatment of a sample via electro-(end-)osmotic flow, comprising (i) an electrode chamber, comprising a cathodic compartment (CC) and an anodic compartment (AC), (ii) a cathode (C), being arranged in the cathodic compartment (CC), (iii) an anode (A), being arranged in the anodic compartment (AC), (iv) an intermediate cathodic compartment (C1) (v) an intermediate anodic compartment (A1) (iv) a first selective membrane (M1) being arranged between said cathodic compartment (CC) and said first intermediate cathodic compartment (C1) (v) a second selective membrane (M2) being arranged between said anodic compartment (AC) and said first intermediate anodic compartment (A1) (vi) a treatment compartment (T) for the sample being arranged between said intermediate cathodic compartment (C1) and said intermediate anodic compartment (A1), further comprising a first separator membrane (S1) between said treatment compartment (T) and said intermediate cathodic compartment (C1) and a second separator membrane (S2) arranged between said treatment compartment (T) and said intermediate anodic compartment (A1).

An osmotic power generator comprising an active membrane supported in a housing, at least a first chamber portion disposed on a first side of the active membrane for receiving a first electrolyte liquid and a second chamber portion disposed on a second side of the active membrane for receiving a second electrolyte liquid, a generator circuit comprising at least a first electrode electrically coupled to said first chamber, and at least a second electrode electrically coupled to said second chamber, the first and second electrodes configured to be connected together through a generator load receiving electrical power generated by a difference in potential and an ionic current between the first and second electrodes. The active membrane includes at least one pore allowing ions to pass between the first and second sides of the membrane under osmosis due to an osmotic gradient between the first and second electrolyte liquids to generate said difference in potential and ionic current between the first and second electrodes.

The presently disclosed concepts relate to improved techniques for critical mineral extraction, purification, precipitation, ion exchange, and metal production using a solid electrolyte membrane. By using a solid electrolyte embedded in a matrix, alkali metal (such as lithium) can be more effectively separated from feed solutions. Additionally, energy used to initially extract critical minerals from a feed solution may be stored as electrochemical energy, which in turn, may be discharged when critical minerals are depleted from the electrode. This discharged energy may therefore be reclaimed and reused to extract additional critical minerals.

A system for recovering organic acid products from a multicomponent feed solution includes: a first electrode; a second electrode positioned in opposition to the first electrode; a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane disposed between the first and second electrodes, thereby defining a feed channel extending between the cation and anion exchange membranes for delivery of a multicomponent feed solution including an organic acid and an inorganic salt; a functionalized membrane disposed between the cation or anion exchange membrane and the first or second electrode, thereby defining an accumulating channel extending between the cation or anion exchange membrane and the functionalized membrane for collecting charged organic species separated from the multicomponent feed solution; and a redox channel containing the first and second electrodes and being separated from the feed and accumulating channels by the cation or anion exchange membrane and the functionalized membrane.

The present disclosure is directed to ion-exchange systems and devices that can monitor key parameters related to the performance of the ion-exchange device. Specifically, the ion-exchange systems and devices disclosed herein can provide real time voltage drop across groups of membrane pairs using diagnostic spacer borders between the pairs. In addition, the ion-exchange systems and devices disclosed herein can monitor the compression force applied by the compression plates holding the ion-exchange systems and devices together.

Provided are a deionization composite electrode, a method of manufacturing the deionization composite electrode, and a deionization apparatus using the same. The deionization composite electrode includes: a porous substrate having fine pores; an ion exchange membrane that is formed by electrospraying an ion exchange solution on one surface of the porous substrate; and a conductive film that is formed on the other surface of the porous substrate.

An electrochemical system utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer.

An electromembrane extraction (EME) device including a union connector, an acceptor compartment with a connector end and a donor compartment with a connector end wherein both connector ends are connectable to the union connector, wherein the union connector includes a flat membrane with a seal on each side thereof, wherein the seals when the acceptor compartment and the donor compartment are connected to the union connector are arranged respectively between the acceptor compartment connector end and the flat membrane and the donor compartment connector end and the flat membrane.